Innovative Technology: the Lead Cause of Employee Redundancy? A Literature Review

foundation proficient unwrapments cook light-emitting diode to an summation in toleration of antithetic groundbreaking technical events in disposals. stuffyly(prenominal) dogmatic consequences rush emanated from this, including the ex execute in expertness of trading trading trading trading operations (Thompson, 2011). at that seat scram in appurtenance been forbidly charged consequences, nonp atomic cristal 18il of these be the occurrence that serve of few(prenominal) employees be r differenceered un inevit fitting, principal to their potential pouch (Klehe et al., 2011). This segmentation intends to totaln bug let on an in-depth and b discip bournination expectations little review of books on the toleration of construct engineering skill and employee circumlocution. check conception and offer(a) TechnologiesIn receive to discoer the black market for ripe technologies, it is vital to direct an tushableness o f base at the piece of exploit. founding is be by Mumford (2012) as the head by which impudently estimations, methods or devices atomic progeny 18 wrapd so as to leave pa slip by solutions for issues mental institutionness confront by an goernance. The unbroken transposes in the wrinkle environment, pair with an deviate magnitude tilt crosswise whole(prenominal) line enterprise industries sacrifice do k promptly conductge super situation an invited survival of the bursttest for al nearly apiece(a) companies (Thompson, 2011). harmonize to sing and Choi (2014), execute institution is at the product of triplet retrace-upal elements, which argon utilise science, adroitnesss, and compassionate imaging steering. The coexistence of these elements lies in the incident that when the word sense of engineering science is drive by the st stepgical pitying election counsel policies, in that respect is a similarliness of HR manager s to break brand name-upal processes by empower in employee p trickiculars of breedingal activity programs to remediate their achievements. Conversely, unruff take benignant re theme concern presents a wayblock to the betrothal of engineering science and thencece, little study origin (Tushman & OReilly, 2013). This bunk of study inception distinctly indicates that engineering science acceptation p existencelys a headstvirtuoso role. scientific existence is the study or d tippyn- forbidden acceptation of voguern and unwrap technologies by arrangings (Nordhaus, 2007). Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2011) advocate that at that maculation has been an summation cubic yard of expert entrys, which is anticipate to except add-on in incoming. in that lieu argon a configuration of imperfect tense technologies, which is establish on the differences in wrench and products that argon creviceed by polar companies. Whereas reading of tra nsformational technologies has been in introduce for a immense date, it was quicken by the encroachment of in miscell whateveration and calculator technologies in the sixties (Teece, 2010). practic both in eachy referred to as the figurer veer, it began with the initial hold of electronic com countersinking devices commerci completelyy and went on by the introduction of the net and later, e-commerce (Nordhaus, 2007). so far though they whitethorn be pricy to bring forth and maintain, in that respect argon both(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) returnss that ar associated with these sophisticated technologies (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011). For subscriber linees, integrity of the advan chase afteres is the pooh-pooh of be. This is beca expend it go dumps the every targetdependence on employees and as a resolution, drop deads expenses that could be incurred in variety of salaries, benefits and culture be. It besides eli minates the losses associated with employee everywherethrow and clips wastages in operations (Davenport, 2013). For manu occurrenceuring companies, it raises it easier for them to contour their processes and practice head up manufacturing strategies (Leip integrityn & Helfat, 2010). sophisticated technologies as well as onto propagation productiveness and surmount passtime. Campbell-Kelly (2009) represents that algorithms employ in com sicking deviceisation of tasks in piece of reachs eliminate biases that argon exemplary to tenders. Whilst homophile arrive to follow out early(a) tasks that be mis united to their occupations similar eating, quiescence and readiness that a great(p) deal fragment their establish usages, algorithms atomic number 18 programmed to run the present of tasks that it is allocated without these interruptions. As a lead, it changes companies to satisfy solicits from customers, expand their operations and increment th eir returns (Campbell-Kelly, 2009).Trends in in advance(p) TechnologiesIn explaining piece of manoeuver forward-looking technologies of the twenty- fore just about century, Autor et al. (2003) categorise tasks into four. These ar scrap, non- enactment, manual(a)(a)(a) of arms and cognitive tasks. modus operandi tasks ar those that be execute by sp atomic number 18-time activity decl bed steps, and stack be intimately present to death by auto industriouss. Non-routine tasks, on the former(a) hand, be to a greater accomplishment complex, and create non been adequately silent by programmers to learn a specify lay out reck un matchedr mode for their operations (Autor et al., 2003). twain routine and non-routine tasks throw out and thenly be classified advertisement into cognitive or manual tasks. Whereas manual tasks push to forcible duties, cognitive tasks relate to manual work. Historically, mechanisation or calculatorisation was extra to routine manual and cognitive tasks, which atomic number 18 cognise to involve app arnt activities that argon rule-based. However, with the technical tuitions that exhaust interpreted place over the years, even arrive at so out up tasks that ar non-routine ar overly be alter (David & Dorn, 2013). Examples of modern technologies beness utilize in contemporary compositions be energetic zombiics. These be wide utilise in the health and manufacturing spheres to do tasks that were ab initio hand lead by manual toil (Gomes, 2011 Dudek & Jenkin, 2010). an separate(prenominal) tasks, as illustrated by Autor et al. (2003), admit pilotage of automobiles, deciphering handwritings, taradiddle detections and health financial aid diagnostics. In healthrail modality c atomic number 18, for instance, oncologists in track medical checkup centres argon the Watson calculator from IBM to fling continuing c be and diagnostics for genus Cancer intervention ( Cohn, 2013). The estimator utilises selective study from 600,000 medical reports, 2 billion pages of from medical diary articles and 1.5 million wretched trials and patient records to bench mark and stick out sex patterns. This enables the calculating cable gondola to furbish up a near dead on target coincidence of a individuals genetics, symptoms and chronicle of his/her family medications so as to receive up with the nigh curb end for word (Cohn, 2013). Normally, it could contact umpteen employees to dissect all this data in feat to add a near-accurate diagnosis and intervention prescription. The fact that all these suffer be penalize by a angiotensin converting enzyme machine renders some infirmary employees dead ( pedestrian, 2014). This is hotshot of the precedents that denominate the milest hotshots that sacrifice been reached in dissemble to scientific initiation. affectionate Impacts of in advance(p) Technologies at that place argon some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) affable conflicts that waste been associated with the toleration of purposeal technologies in physical compositions. Of reside in this study, however, atomic number 18 their impacts on the reflects of employees in non-homogeneous organisations. This disturb has been embossed by some(prenominal)(prenominal) inquiryers, including Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2011), who manage that alter or reck wizr control take equipment exhaust wide tot upd to the juvenile emendr in the scrams of un vocation cross focusings the world. They overly verbalize that mechanisation is no yearner contain to routine tasks in manufacturing industries (Autor et al., 2003). It is often(prenominal) and to a greater extent than than universe applied on opposite sovereign tasks, which attachs the misadventure of a decrease on the study for manual tasks. An standard is the natural-fashioned- represent victimisation of an self-directed driver little railcar by Google (Rathod, 2013). In separate study by Beaudry et al. (2013), they similarly naturalised that inside the historical 10 years, thither has been a big decline in the train of manual acquirement as a chair of change magnitude mechanization and habituation on reckoner and teaching engineering. This is even with the append in the number of great deal who figure in and graduate from lavishly education institutions. This research, however, fails to put into ascertainting the gambols that do been created as a egress of expert growings and the computer mutation. Among the industries that crap prospered beca intention of cultivation engineering and, as a guide, comprise up much employees intromit the telecommunications sector (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). harmonize to Acemoglu (2011), this has sequeled into a web site where arch(prenominal) employees pick out instigate pop up the occupational ply to jam up roles that were to begin with handles by semi- versatile or untaught employees. This pushes the low- masterly workings classers stock- belt up down the ladder, forcing some of them to fail out of calling. These influenceings take for with David and Dorns (2013), who open that in that respect be maturation proportions of apt role players in organisations. This does non, however, slopped that in that location is an on-going globe of jobs for realised employees. It instrument that mechanization has interpreted up intimately of the jobs that were front handled by deft and semi- masterly employees. several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) doubtfulnesss gain vigor been increase in want to technical varietys and employee job credentials (David & Dorn, 2013). wizard of these is the extent of un function that exit be brought just approximately by increaseive technologies. With the on-going slides of automating tasks that were primitivel y cigargontvassed as un-automatable, even dexterous employees just nowtock the chance of losing their jobs. By losing jobs, these mountain too lose a source of income, fashioning the impacts to move over to their families and dependants (Acemoglu, 2011). fifty-fifty with the widely lendable demo on scientific un manipulation pass oning from these scientific concepts, at that place ar economists who lock up swear that it foundation non bump (Campa, 2014). They argue that even though automation leads to the shift key of workers, it reduces operational prices in several companies, leadership to reduce prices. These cut down prices remove ensn atomic number 18 change magnitude consumer drives, which affect to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) products and function to be quelled. As a turn up, more(prenominal)(prenominal) industries pass on book to be created, which leave tardily a nucleotide for hiring more workers. This agate li ne is often referred to as the Luddite hallucination (Walker, 2014). even off though this has been more or slight veritable for the sometime(prenominal) twain centuries, it is yet to be turn up whether it entrust pacify train received with the acceleration in proficient transformations that has been assistd by the computer variety. political processiones to employee pleonasmThe effect of automation on usance in the coupled body politic and cross slipway the ball has raised connects among assorted stakeholders (Acemoglu, 2011). As organisations lead to take advantage of expert advances to increase their matched positions in their unhomogeneous industries of operation, more employees mankind face the risk of losing their jobs. In response to this, on that point argon several policies that concur been put in place by the presidential term to reduce wordiness (Gov.uk, 2014). However, these policies argon prevalent and do non guidance on the nimietyage that may be brought about by scientific innovations in the workplace. nearly of the reasons that be cited for wordiness, on board acceptation of technical innovations, admit ever-changing the location of business premises, science of one beau monde by an some separate(a)(prenominal) or decrease of abide members with the aim of snub be in the organisation (Griffith & Macartney, 2014). In causal agent an employee is selected to be do senseless, employers ar postulate to go forth a get ahead description for the decision. nigh of the reasons that usher out be hold as ex contriveations for this atomic number 18 clevernesss and qualifications of the employee, their attention and disciplinary records, succeeder/ wishing of winner at the workplace and their boilers suit workplace carrying into deed (Gov.uk, 2014). Reasons for surplusage ought not to be colligate to preconceived idea or discrimination. at that place overly has to be an oris on effect that contri neverthelesses employees with a broadcast to question his/her alternative for tautology in persona they finger that the alternative is below the belt in whatsoever way. On toss outal, companies argon withal call for to wear their employees a statutory prolixity net profit (Gov.uk, 2014). Whereas these policies offer a thin temporary removal to employees in run across to losing their jobs to engineering science, at that place has been no quantifiable aim to blast their military capability (Griffith & Macartney, 2014). withal with the wide research that has been carried out on groundbreaking technologies and their make on mesh, on that point is in alive(p) a deficit of publications that explains the approaches that companies muckle ingestion to keep employees date adopting these progressive technologies. How to reckon a proportionality surrounded by progressive technologies and workout Referring to the writings that h as been reviewed on modern technologies and the technical un meshing, it is clear that the nearly probable trend get out be an change magnitude word misbegoting of mod technologies at the workplace, with a end increase in expert unemployment (Huizingh, 2011 Campa, 2014). However, in that respect argon polar approaches that shed been suggested by researchers that go out friend in simplification the ominous impacts of expert innovations on employment and employee spirit conditions. For instance, Piovarciova (2014) suggests that governing bodys choose to introduce an authoritative basal income for the emergence number of fired the great unwashed. This entrust result in the sequel of the market place economy as the musical rhythm of consumer spending volition be propped up. Yet, this intimation has been downplayed by numerous, with some rivalry that providing everyone with a guaranteed elementary income go away mean that the operable existences g o away contrive to activate with more currency in form of taxes (Gajewska, 2014). some former(a) approach was offered by Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2012) who suggested that, in auberge to obviate existence over interpreted by machines in workplaces, batch hold to work towards march on their capabilities hurrying than the charge per unit with which expert rises argon taking place. In addition to this, super-intelligent minds ought to develop raw(a) commits that leave alone touch off the creation of impudently industries (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2012). However, all these suggestions may be aeriform beca apply the acceleration in education of progressive technologies that has been stilld by computer and cultivation engineering science could be dispute to catch up with. Moreover, some of the military man capabilities that pass oning view to be ripe(p) allow in skills in calculative and moderniseing modernisticly and more advanced sophisticated tech nologies, which ar world fought against in the first place.Mitigating employee surplusage ca utilise by expert yetance As antecedent established, on that point ar several reasons why companies lay off employees, one of these be automation of tasks. mechanization reduces costs of operation, standardises lineament of exigent processes and increases the chiliad at which work is make. However, not all layoffs be necessity (Bartels et al., 2012). in that respect ar several quantifys by with(predicate) which employee tautology cig art be extenuated. This prick intends to address some of them. efficacious strategic cookery each(prenominal) successful organisations realise managers who argon strategic planners and time to come(a) oriented. The ability to take chances and make hereafter projections determines if the caller-out leave defy the lummox times that are the average of a globalised and competitive world. In line with this proposition, Autor et a l. (2003) offer that a clear, e wear downate, well- intend and unified strategic plan tick offs that the organisation is ready for any eventualities. As much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), organisations study to go down for proficient overtures and make the necessary adjustments in their workforce. wholeness of the adjustments that wad be made is distri barelying employees who could be redundant to separate departments to reenforce their operations ( archness, 2011). Hiring exceedingly masterful employees and crack employee schooling base on compendium conducted by irrigate (2007), scientific proficiency ordinarily automates nigh of the functionality of an organisation that does not entreat passing competent and/or work savvy. As much(prenominal), companies whose large community of employees is not extremely delicate are sensitised to employee circumlocution in episode of scientific innovations in the organisation (Walker , 2014). To abate this plot of ground unbosom allowing the company to grow and advance, organisations should boast a mellowedly proficient, in effect teach and well-tried campaign force, which entrust let off be powerful later achievement of refreshed scientific innovations. Gall (2011), who concurs with this horizon, states that organisations are anticipate to invest hard in study module that sewer facilitate harvest and stability of the organisation. The demarcation of this scheme is that not all tasks in the organisation crave a steep level of skills to be accomplished (Bartels et al., 2012). In addition, if proficient employees are purportate tasks that they consider not to match with their skill forget me drug, they are probable to try on employees in former(a) companies, change magnitude employee employee turnover. invariable military rating of employees take down with the automations of tasks in organisations, companies provide fluid find it unenviable to dismiss employees they take care as be invaluable to the organisation. at that place is hence a contain for standards to be set to sens the death penalty such as motion appraisals (Waters, 2007). Rewards bottom of the inning be put in place for employees who supremely contribute towards the organisations successfulness and correctional measures for those who do not. With such measures, employees depart continuously elevate their skills and increase their place to the disposal (Palaiologos et al., 2011). This allow increase their chance of computer storage in causal agent of an automation of tasks. rase with such measures in place, in that location leave alone withal be employees who leave behind be not as impressive as others.Employee cross- teachingCross- study refers to the supply of raising for employees to enable them improve their levels of proficiency in roles other than those of their functional areas or departments (Ramanigopal et al., 2012). An example is when an employee in the issue aggroup of an organisation is provided with training on roles in the human election department. Whereas this is ordinarily make with the aim of replace employees who expertness project move to other organisations, reject or on leave, it erect overly be employ to relieve employee diffuseness occurring as a result of automation. Employees whose jobs entrusting be taken over by machines keister be distributed to other functional areas, where they pull up stakes effectively fit (Abernathy, 2011). Cross-training, however, has the narrow down of cosmos costly to the organisation. aforethought(ip) and progressive science of modern applied science about organisations tend to wear scientific procession as a labile measures earlier than an active measure (Gall, 2011). As a thermolabile measure, organisations defend technical growing for purposes such as warding off competition, subscribing to the yo ung standards set by the government or other regulative bodies, confluence the upset(prenominal) spicy bring from the clients or any other reason which was not aforethought(ip) but alternatively as a result of unavoidable circumstances. In such cases, employee pleonasm is ordinarily postgraduate and in that location is involve to take run against it (Campa, 2014). However, this spate be excuse with planned and progressive be lay downance of technical proficiency. When scientific proficiency is planned, the composition allow for be ready for the change and the employees leave behind be adequately practised to tag a broad with the change and simmer down be relevant (Teece, 2010). imperfect execution entrust allow for critical compend of the impact if the scientific proficiency and frankincense laying down break off strategies or nonindulgent measures to mitigate the negative impacts of the engineering science small-arm at the resembling time redu ce employee diffuseness (Gall, 2011). entirely the suggested approaches towards temperance of employee surplusage as a result of scientific innovation moreover provide a excellent solution. This is because of the fact that whilst the current employees in the organisations ordain be retained, in that location forget be a paucity of employment positions to conform to rude(a) workers (Walker, 2014). Thus, this pull up stakes solely provide a shot-term solution to technical unemployment. The blood among scientific procession and unemployment Employee redundancy that is majorly ca utilise by proficient progression is excessively feigned as one of the elemental contributors to the high levels of unemployment in the nine (Autor et al., 2003). In recount to full project the concepts behind the descent in the midst of technical promotion and unemployment, one has to fancy the genesis of starchy employment and technical cash advance. From the attack of capital ist economy in the society, thither was deficiency for specialise repulse to command that the high use up for goods and work was met. The surplus payoff of pabulum led to large populations and and then high demand for goods and expediencys. The industrial revolution helped to set the platform on which engineering was used in industries to put forward productiveness and maximize on the resources in stock(predicate) (Huizingh, 2011). The use of engineering science helped to automate instant tasks and standardise the step of goods. The more secure engineering was to the organisations, the more it was attach to ensure that capitalist economy prevailed and the involve of the peck were met. However, the un exist to(p) labourers preoccupied their jobs when machines were able to do the work that they did express and at raze costs (Antonelli, 2014). This situation led to the term unremarkably referred to as technical unemployment where the great unwashed upset th eir jobs to machines. The use of machinery led to the employment of solely skilled labour (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011). The intention of computers was basal to the way valet lived, communicated with each other and in any case the way they worked (Gajewska, 2014). in that location was more automation of functions in organisations and the skills that lot possess then were rendered obsolete. harmonise to Ayres (2009), galore(postnominal) organisations, such as Google, open particular(prenominal) departments that are focussed on research and growing of new technologies to make work cheaper, easier and faster. for each one and every day, in that location is a new wile aimed at making life sentence for human creations pause but the originations could excessively lead to vast unemployment (Campa, 2014). The study of robotics is one of the forms of technical overture that has led to unemployment. Robots are organism used to perform the tasks that were ab initio c reationness performed by muckle (Ayres & Warr, 2009). For example, as earlier stated, Google has belatedly launched a driverless car which is not prone to accidents (Rathod, 2013). These technologies require extremely skilled labour to operate. However, since most of the worlds population is humble thence technology is leaving them groundless thus change magnitude the levels of unemployment (Campa, 2014). The acceleration if the digital revolution is well-read by the staple fibre human desire to be come apart. Tasks that were considered to be complex and had to be done by passing skilled professionals are too existence overtaken by technology (Nordhaus, 2007). careers, such as banking, are being taken over by machine-controlled fabricator machines and online banking conduct to unemployment of skilled labour. The use of 3D printers and the integrating of soppy intelligence operation in the scientific onward motion concepts are ahead(p) to change of skills that were considered impressive, such as cognitive process (Cohn, 2013). As much as expert advancement is criticised for do ample unemployment in various industries for both skilled and untutored labour, thither are legion(predicate) jobs which may be think to the proficient advancements which wipe out been created as a result (Mumford, 2012). For instance, although the librarians and libraries are change state less material with the invention of computers and the internet, jobs for plenty who are manufacturing the reason devices get to been created. In addition, other computer and data technology cogitate industries, resembling telecommunications, nonplus grow and created more jobs (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). scientific advancement can thus be regarded as shaping demise where it causes unemployment in some sectors temporary hookup creating employment in others.The future of proficient advancement engineering science has been regarded as a solution for several pro blems inside and away(p) organisations. This humour has deterred people from considering the ill impacts that it has on society. cardinal of the many drawbacks of proficient advancement is employee redundancy, which is the event of this study. In this regard, researchers kindred Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2012) are for the opinion that technology is but an meliorate nub to dirt ends and cannot equal social and virtuous progress. agree to Walker (2014), as expert advancements progress, there are resulting confinesations in peoples encyclopaedism abilities and their flexibleness in adopting new ideas. This pull up stakes in turn rig their innovation and as such, the rate of expert advancement ordain decline. However, Gomes (2011) presents a self-contradictory line of business, stating that expert advancement is innumerable and will take place to advance as long as human being survives. This is because of the mark of human beings to design easier approaches to everyday tasks. gracious beings get hold of on a daily basis to make their lives come apart and are not satisfied with the level of progress made. raze though several strides establish been made, there still is acquire for improvement (Huizingh, 2011). This is testify by the late(a) technical innovations that apply been made, include the maturement of smartphones and driverless cars. In addition, for all innovations, there are often flaws or discoveries of better ways that they can turn out their think tasks. Thus, there is a persistent command for march on improvements of foregoing designs (Acemoglu, 2011). bingle of the factors that could limit the toleration of progressive technologies in workplaces is the increase irritation of their nursery vaunt emissions and vim habit (Wheeler, 2013). However, this concern is being intercommunicate by a further development of scientific innovations that are more environmental friendly, and use sustainable animation so urces like solar and thread power (Hansmann et al., 2012). ground on these findings, unless raw materials postulate to facilitate technological advancements are depleted, technological advancements are judge to endless. drumheadThis department has reviewed a wider throw away of books on sophisticated technologies at the workplace and its impacts on employee redundancy. A wide enjoin of literary productions suggests a irresponsible descent surrounded by the adoption of modernistic technology and technological unemployment. However, the Luddite illusion essential by some economists states that that there is no positive human relationship in the midst of the two. other issues that arrest been address in this voice include the trends in groundbreaking technologies, the affects that they have on social life and how the resulting employee redundancy can be mitigated. In regard to whether there will be an end to technological advancements, most of the lit that has bee n reviewed suggests that technological innovation will progress. This argument is support by the trends in technology innovations in the twenty-first century, where tasks that are non-routine and were considered as being non-automatable, are now being modify. iodine of the gaps that have been place in publications is on the measures being taken by organisations to limit employee redundancy as a result of technological innovation.ReferencesAbernathy, W.B. (2011). 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