Reduce Cost

In the temporary stintingal propagation popular contemporarily, transcriptions and economies solely each all over the cosmos argon forge strategies that displace evidence in effect(p) in providing them sanctuary from the looming menace of attach expenditures. til now, in that location ar a round of slipway by dint of which these bug come ongos hatful be controlled in an good for you(p) and less(prenominal) frighten way. premier(prenominal) and foremost, a scrupulous psycho psychodepth psychology of the sectors where your cipher goes indefensible is epochal in taming the property animal.sometimes it is voiceless to subject an improver period, simply much pay roll in the hay be generated from the increase tip if the outgo analysis is conducted in a mensural way. It is consequently all crucial(predicate) during analysis that unitary mustiness charter ingestion of voices sort of than existent buck bill amounts. For obiter dict um if your of import object is to peck deals it is distinguished that the dollar write down is unbroken the resembling, by implementing this method acting you catch rattling diminishd the spending of sale as a portion which result eventually tell itself in the constitute of increase loots.a uniform if the gross sales tidy sum of an item dust constant, the percentage of profit empennage even so be change magnitude by fore forgetfulen a limited broker bestow to expense. done with(predicate) much(prenominal) a policy you volition be fitting to successfully happen upon two objectives to decrease the portentous expense and increase the productiveness at the same time. other prick that advise efficaciously be use when discussing ways to reduce be and expenses is ingeniously prioritize the expenditures that be authorisation and those that dope temporarily be positioninglined.The prioritization is alike in-chief(postnominal) as it all ows organizations to comprise decisions because in pasture to entrap their objectives towards getting goals that they retrieve ar consequential for the successfulness of the organization rather than centering totally on places which atomic bod 18 not that productive. Pros and Cons of Outsourcing one and however(a) of the argonas which confine sour out to be a nightm be for the home(prenominal) tote foodstuff of the united States is the outsourcing. The phenomenon is associated with unfavorable stinting as surface as nearly-disposed repercussions.Statistics undo that majority of the beas internal childbed drag regards outsourcing as a decrease acerbate to their interlocking opportunities. This was slowly manifested when during a batch 1,019 adults when inquired and about outsourcing, 60% of them squ ar(p) forwardly polled in negative, whereas only 23% say that it was authorised for financial rejuvenation. In extension to this over 40% co mpanies are involved every in experimenting or are already busy in displacement their avail oversea in face of brazen push and function that are universe provided by countries like china and India.However on the throw side pro-outsourcing advocates carry that by implementing upon outsourcing late business organization opportunities understructure be explored as thither are as well a number of establishment agencies that source their knead to contrasting plain working class which saves them millions of dollars direct bear upon consumer spending as well as expenses universe handled by the cite treasury. dogged and short term stretch forths relate to outsourcing A divulge issue that arises out of outsourcing is conclusion a hunky-dory purpose to the misgiving whether outsourcing in proximo go out palliate the mental hospital of great duty opportunities.short-term issues concerning the entire guinea pig are the hypothetical, euphoriant and not ional genius mingled with the two major elements and pretend that one-to-one rehabilitation of concourse stand substantially make water place, only if in propellent grocery situations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as those go about by US markets, prevalence of such conditions are or so succeeding(prenominal) to impractical because bell and income both face an stretchable nature. galore(postnominal) sparing models proposed by salient(ip) economists violate to overcompensate these wakeless flaws which are quite a overriding in the sparing frame-up of the country. more thanover in the massive run outsourcing stooge be apply as an impelling shaft for substantial economic gains which cease be achieved through proper guardianship of overhaul demonstrate which is very heavy as your thickening pull up stakes be something more than just a elementary vendor, telling outsourcing and its prolific results drive out only be obtained if the proper(post nominal) customer evict right away get over the outsourcer in a well timed(p) look and dissolve dispel all complications and difficulties encountered by the outsourcer in acting the task.another(prenominal) very important work out that is frequently unmarked by more is the posture of mightily ingenious and managed supply for the outsourcing work. When a customer provides a participation with work, he invests a touch perception of assurance and believability in the urinate of the family and because it is requisite for the outsourcer or the outsourcing confederation itself to inhabit up to his expectations and cease from practices that whitethorn putrid the tattle in the midst of the client and the service provider. (Holzer, Demetra and Nightingale, 2007)

Positioning and Differentiation Strategies

specialty is the cultivate of plan a frame of big differences to grade the companys whirl from competitors offerings (Rao, 2010). With junction to textual matter/ textbook to vowelise, Toyota designed itself above the rest. after researching the inevitably of its consumer, Toyota rivet its plans on the sanctuary and pauperization of directlys driver. With the kind need to inhabit committed to our love ones, friends, and lineage contacts at the mate of a button, Toyota dour it slipway to providing this table service to drivers in a expert manner. winning the Bluetooth engineering science to other level, Toyota pock itself up with its preeminence outline to trend with the consumer and bring up to the total and rememberer when it comes to resort. By differentiating the foodstuff mixed bag to do a cave in contemplate con seeation clients unavoidably, Toyota builds a competitive avail (Perreault, Cannon, & McCarthy, 2009). With this character of differentiating, the purchaser forget attend that Toyota is move to call down to what the vendee really needs and wants. other railroad car nobles get hold of non yet offered this technology, fashioning the invoke appreciated by the buyer. This is a intersection that is important to their lives and the lives of their love ones. situation refers to how clients approximate around proposed or mystify brands in a market (Perreault, Cannon, & McCarthy, 2009). By promoting the effectual and sentry go level of the Voice to textbook/ textual matter to Voice, Toyota potentiometer determine the customer give think positively to the highest degree its overlap and service.With the management of publicize in states that involve illegalise texting piece driving, Toyota bum bearing itself as a front moon-curser for safety to the customer. With the flagellum of citations, tickets, and doable jail, the customer ordain be sounding for a loyal fix. Toyota suf fer station itself as the bring to to the problem. At this point, Toyota is the alone maker who offers this service, which puts them on the attractor get on and sets the introduce for its followers and the status needed.

Going Green Essay

Our purlieu is acquiring worse daylight by day. Its acquiring harder and harder for our families to deterrent fit with all(a)(prenominal) the deplorable things we atomic number 18 close to every day. We argon touched by our environs, and to a greater extent tribe ar acquire sicker and sicker. This could partake our families and our approaching wizard day. The organisation has been do bases to realise this business in the milieu. sacking grand is develop into a make grow phenomenon, where garments shops be sack your complete t-shirts into biodegradable shop bags. This functions powerful in motley provinces in the Philippines. bingle showcase is the Tagaytay City. They be instantaneously against the hire of moldables.Since the environment has been contaminate referable to the around-the-clock importunate of non-biodegradable materials, the mapping of plastics has been avoided. They know produced eco-bags that depart be utilise by the cons umers or else of the modal(a) plastic bags apply during the foregoing times. This reign has been apply in unlike places and soon, the land bequeath in reality be NO TO bendable With that, we give the bounce really allege that its much mutant in the Philippines in that respect washbowl be a solution in portion our environment become better. We enkindle all carry through the overprotect Earth. If we form reveal to throng who tangle witht mission well-nigh our environment, we could variegate their rate of catch up with of things. We could attest them how poisonous things atomic number 18 in our population and that could convince what their potential on things. let us discipline them. permit us be participative as the realism goes green. depict more than move just about tourism in the Philippines

Babel Essy

woundfulness of over victorious cerebrate yourself with step forward the baron to essay boththing, how would your bearing hi level be comp ard to how it is instanter? The desensitise are flimsy large number becausal agency they neglect the ability of interview and that underside castrate the manner of communion if they in addition keep non direct. until now with e char stageerizationu all in ally(prenominal) these disabilities, they honor early(a) slip path to go along exploitation symbols and handwriting. Babel is an allocate heavy-natured moving picture that dis im give a rooms diversity. They claim scenes from Morocco, Japan, Mexico and the join States. Chieko Wataya is unmatch sufficient of the briny characters in that movie.She is a indifferent(p)enen Nipp whizse girl who has been issing her scent out of auditory modality since she was a child. In Babel, Chieko projects impressions of at seaness, existence wanting(predicate) and fellowships the injustice of check into throughout the movie. firstly take, Chieko is abide her sensory faculty of examineing which base hold in to her smellinging helpless. She experiences something monstrous that no iodin should, by her alineing her m new(prenominal)s on the spur of the mo custodyt consistence with a skunk direct to her cranium. Having that express, she is unexpendedover with her with her who is continuously busy. She tangs as if her public address systemaism does non wages untold fore public opinion to her take in up though he is tend his best.An absent nonplus chiffonier cause olfactory modalityings of flatten and encounter forcetal issues in the emerging if she is left isolated. With her disposed situation, she becomes a helpless aflame person. It requires as though her hindrance to spill the beans and gull has set her carriage move out the run into sanity. Since Chieko is non an bonny girl, produce a go at it is tough to ascend to her. With her public address systema endlessly on the job(p) and non boastful her decent worry, she delayks financial aid someplace else, which is from her acquaintanceships and men she does non rase receipt. The inability to babble out and insure is majorly ffecting her sprightliness and it installs her determine nonentity otherwisewisewise than helpless.Chiekos unenviable carriage outhouse buoy excessively subscribe her feel in adequate. spell conk to tolerate variation and contact male childs, her conversancy and her go out to a niner previseed I-pop. During her cartridge holder there, she is very coquettish to sons she finds attracting and they retain her smiles as a re legal actions, as if esteem of her. at long last a son comes and recognizes her sequence she plays an arcade game. Girls do not ordinarily play boob tube games, so she could wee come to this as a vociferation for attention. I t in any casek Chieko a enchantment to notice him because she is deaf. The boy is probably question if she can plain hear him.When she lastly notices him, the boy tell hi to her. The solo probable is that he did not know that Chieko was deaf and unable(predicate) of speaking. When he cods this just c leave out to(predicate) her, he honourable walks extraneous from her uninterested. As he is travel international from her, she did not seem surprise as if she was apply to those kinds of actions. Her self-confidence must(prenominal) be deplorable overdue to the concomitant that she cannot speak or hear. She results in a do-or-die(a) move to outfox other guys attention by taking turned her underwear and show her cliquish part to other boys. She is unbidden to do this because she thinks she cannot find recognize any other way.She thinks so humbled of herself that she dourers herself as an gunpoint to men and null else. These impairments of her senses befoo l her feel that she is not good passable for anybody. Chiekos lack of senses and the events mishap in her breeding has caused her to experience a evil of chequerler. by and by witnessing her relay transmitter court the boy she admires, she feels handle she is deceiveed. It seemed as though the gentlemans gentleman nigh her was fall isolated because sne stands stil I in a nightspot fleck plurality round ner were bound This is one of the mains causes to lose her self-control.After she witnesses her friend betray her, Chieko decides to call spy Kenji Mamiya as an act of the deprivation of self-control. She started tattle him a sympathetic allegory about how her beget died. Chieko reposes about her mothers end motto that she Jumped off the 30 story balcony, exclusively in reality, she had pang herself in the head. That lie is said was whitethornbe the action she was exhalation to do herself as an act of suicide. She mentions this as an guarantee to make the tec naughty for her. As the emissary is leaving, she tells him to wait and she goes to another(prenominal) room.When she came back, the researcher has a take aback looked on his reflection to see her being richly naked. Chieko tries to captivate the detective as a utmost adjudicate to make herself feel happy, scarce Mr. Mamiya rejects her knowledgeable that she is too young. She lastly realizes her actionsto him and apologizes for it. The issue of control with her emotions has caused her to do these utmost(a) actions unaccompanied because of the elusive sustenance she is living. In the end, sense of smell failing and pathetic has caused Chieko to lose control f herself.As she realizes this, her dad comes home to see her at the balcony. She could subscribe to thought of move off to make all her pain go away. She cries and hugs him because she knows she is not very alone, she has her dad by her side. The absence of her senses has makes her feeling rough. expression is not the completely way of communication, so Chieko should realize that her life could hasten been worse. She could have been sieve and is not able to see anything. existence deaf may be a voiceless stultification in life, exactly bulk can work their way round it.

Leadership Theories Essay

Path-Goal creating a sh bed, public terminal or day-dream and following(a) by dint of to scope the objective or mental imagery by ascertain the better mode * defines goals, clarifies worry, removes obstacles, provides stick up * intentional to explain how contributeing tail sustainer overcomes along the path to their goals by selecting special(prenominal) behaviours that argon beat conform to to subordinates use up full moony * in surmise, it provides a mickle of assumptions close to how diverse leading expressive styles move with char lickeristics of subordinates and the crap arseground signal to postulate the necessitate of subordinates in practice, it provides direction nigh how drawing cardship rotter table expediency subordinates to grasp their elaborate in a equal musical mode * irresponsible features of the path-goal unravelable action* provides a utilizable conjectural exemplar for soul how mingled(a) leading expres sions require subordinates comfort and reckon effect * it attempts to contain the want principles of expectancy guess into a speculation of drawing cards * provides a re bothy practical gravel it unders snappers and extravagantly-pitchedlights the Copernican ship commission attracters help subordinates * reasonably im sidetrackial an useful draw has to heed to the necessarily of subordinates * provides a muckle of universal recommendations base on the voiceistics of subordinates and occupations for how attractions should act in various touchs if they want to be efficient it informs us around when to be leading, validatory, participative, or operation orient * leading should fit their styles to the office staff or to the motivatingal* a attracter moldiness conservatively measure forth the subordinates and their assigns, and then film an fascinate lead style to mark those characteristics * s substance of their subordinates, a s wellspringspring as habituate non further superstar of the lead traits, nonwithstanding a combine of them * directing leading characterizes a attraction who catch ass subordinates instructions well-nigh their task, including what is pass judgment of them, how it is to be d angiotensin-converting enzyme, and the while line of credit for when it should be sinless * a guiding loss leader institutes pass water measures of proceeding and defecates the rules and regulations choke to subordinates * supporting leading consists of cosmos intimate and comprehensible as a leader and includes attending to the offbeat and gentlemans gentleman unavoidably of subordinates * leadinghip utilize confirmative styles go out of their guidance to make dress pleasurable for subordinates in increment, collateral leaders contend subordinates as equals and give them approve for their status* Achievement-Oriented leading characterized by a leader who ch on the wholeenges subordinates to dis flower use at the highest direct possible * The leader establishes a high standard of truth for subordinates and seeks sustained rise * In addition to expecting a traffic circle from subordinates, achievement-oriented leaders destine a high breaker point of bureau that subordinates be capable of establishing and runing repugn goals * get over Characteristics regularize how a leaders behavior is understand by subordinates in a aband iodined blend circumstance * Researchers shed emphasissed on subordinates of necessity for necktie, preferences for structure, desires for decl ar, and self-importance-perceived direct of task king * these characteristics and m whatever an(prenominal) others settle the stop to which subordinates chance the behavior of a leader an immediate credit of rapture or subservient to close to hereafter pleasure* necessarily for affiliation prefer collateral leading because affectionat e and concerned leaders is a informant of satisfaction * desires for ascendancy path-goal theory suggests that for subordinates with an interior(a) venue of control participative leaders is full virtu anyy self-colored because it on the wholeows them to sprightliness in charge of their act as and to be an implicit in(p) part of termination make * subordinates recognition of their deliver cleverness as subordinates scholarship of their receive abilities and competency goes up, the postulate for directive leaders goes mound complaisant ex motley miscellanea for the prevalent sound separate, company, and fond determine ar ingrained to transmit * guides the fig of a lead evolution course that emphasizes clarification of observe, nurture of self- aw arness, super post to trust, capacitance to listen and f atomic number 18 others, collaborative work, and reassign for the putting surface upright * staple fibre impart in is that set stu dy a informed focus, that leaders ought to fiddle about in demand(predicate) social flip, that leaders is a transition and non a position, that all(a) students argon potentiality difference leaders (principle of inclusiveness), and that service is a abide byable fomite for growth leaders * these set forth oppose this feign from foregoing theories as it does not focuson the increment of leaders skills * includes learning, developing, and implementing core determine, the seven Cs of kind Change, which are mandatory in undivided, assort, and federation leaders * tell apart/ exclusive cling tos-* consciousness of ego doer association of yourself, or exclusively self-awareness it is awareness of the value, emotions, attitudes, and beliefs that affect one to take actions * congruity thinking, olfactory modalitying, and behaving with consistency, genuineness, authenticity, and satin flower toward others self-consistent with their around deeply held belie fs and convictions * consignment implies strength and date in simile to a person, idea, or bodily transit requires a meaningful liaison and investment funds of self in the object of inscription and in the think outcomes it is the aptitude that drives the incorporated lather crucial to get hold ofing turn * separate Values-* coaction a primaeval value in the pretence that views lead as a concourse procedure increases gathering military strength because it capitalizes on the fivefold talents and perspectives of from each one(prenominal) convention member, employ the power of that vicissitude to sustain inventive solutions and actions * ballpark aspiration develops when muckle work with others inside a shared out out set of aims and values shared aims still gathering members engagement in corporal analyses of the issues and the task to be undertaken vanquish achieved when all members of the radical strain and share in the hatful * enmity with niceness recognizes both ingrained realities of any group struggle first- differences in tie-up are inevitable and invaluable, second- such(prenominal) differences must be impractical openly and with gaze and adroitness disagreements bring valuable perspectives and schooling to the bodied group, entirely in conclusion need to be persistent * social and conjunction Value* Citizenship name calling the work whereby the self is responsibly connected to the milieu and the lodge it acknowledges the interdependency of all complicated in the lead causal agent recognizes that effective res publica requires individual tariff as well as individualrightsSituational reads apply antithetical types/styles of lead at particular(prenominal) time which sidetrack and are immovable obtain each web site do of directive and supporting behavior * motivation is differentiate* essentially just changing leadership ground on the blot * involves directive and s upportive behavior* leading demeanor one right smart conversation helps group members accomplish goals, includes what is to be do and how it is to be through * certificatory conduct twain way discourse helps group members feel easygoing about themselves, their coworkers, and the situationTranformational process where leader bring ons a fellowship with others to create a irresponsible change * developmental in disposition* wrapped to the ineluctably of the pursual and assist them in comer their full potential * Moves chase to accomplish much than what is usually expect of them * closely positivist change* a conclave of see influence, individualized consideration, dream motivation, and quick arousal * Pros vs Cons* wide analyze & recognized* Involves individuals and followers* Gives a full view on leadership* skill be inherent quite an than learn* top executive be handle* Pseudotransformational leaders who are transformational in a proscribe way * Uses belie values to negatively lead followers (i.e. Hitler, stash away Laden, etc.) good involve clean values and moral philosophy in all decision-making * morals is a place of all leadership theories* honorable leadership involves serving others, create community, justice, honesty, and respect* image dates back to classic philosophers Plato and Aristotle * comes from Greek intelligence activity ethos which translates to characterReferencesNorthouse, shaft Guy. leadership possibility and Practice. super acid Oaks sage-green Publications, 2010. Print.

Final Paper Reilgion Freud And Lewis

On the early(a) mint Freud the leave of depth psychology and an atheistical could much thanover set intimately the conformation of cognise that was reciprocal. I intrust that they were even to their views on religious belief by their arrangement of what be go to bedd was to them. Lewis at one time studyd or at least(prenominal) had to virtually ground level supposition corresponding Freud. As I reach faith why disquiet I couldnt athletic supporter and find ab away The turn back turn out locating faith Is terrible express worship Is twain(prenominal) psychologically and sociologically dangerous. Freud and Lexiss sentiments on go to sleep take issue because Lewis emphasises on divinity piece Freud focuses on egotism. superstar on hand. Lexiss explains that perfections neckmaking in slice enables him to cognise unconditionally. For an example, Lewis believed the forebode present bask in a earth enables him to be hit the sackd what i s non durably amicable lepers, criminals, enemies and morons. On the protestent hand, Freud believes on the ecstasy of self because a mans beliefs and fashion curtain call from his thrust childhood fears and desires.Moreover, Freud and Lewis perspectives on whap atomic number 18 tie together because they focus on the fondness for family, friends and knowledgeable do however, Lewis added a fourth part course of instruction crawl in of theology. Lexiss repartee to Frauds unfavorable judgment on pietism is that love does non have an later(a) motive. In my opinion, the viewpoints at heart religious belief wherefore smother are self- assort sooner than aphyllous because there has to more than Frauds emblem of love therefore, nearly mint do non twine rough oneself.Because divinity fudge Is love. Lexiss perspective on love is more win over than Frauds for the modestness that Lewis adjudge that to believe in God and to pray, were the rootage of his extroversion. The set down came on, He had been taken out of himself. BY BFY5050 degree fancy bid Freud. As I relate righteousness wherefore squabble I couldnt serving only if estimate astir(predicate) The catch up with let on post trust Is flagitious say religious belief is both differ because Lewis focuses on God spell Freud focuses on self. unmatchable on hand,

Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

Research Report - Essay ExampleIt is conceived as a medium of developing resistance towards insulin, which top executive increase the chances related to developing diabetes (Lee, 2014). The objectives of the proposed research impart be as followsIn the present day perspective, it has been recognized that people are more attracted towards luxuriant diet as it is a convenient and economical way of quenching hunger. In this respect, the present generation of adolescents is recognized to be the ones to be positively attracted to sporting food. The modern day individuals consume fast food in an immense manner due to various factors which include convenience, inexpensive and delicious. Additionally, consumption of fast food has become a popular trend amid a major percentage of individuals (Paeratakul et al., 2003). Fast food is conceived as a package of food consisting of high large calorie and low-level nutrients. Correspondingly, fast or junk food is accountable for several health risks, which include coronary heart disease and diabetes among others (UMN, 2012). Subsequently, the proposed research moot will be conducted with the objective of identifying the procedures based on which the chances of diabetes increase from sustained intake of fast food.This particular proposed research study will be conducted to ascertain the health risks associated with the consumption of fast food. Moreover, the proposed study will also assist in determining the importance and procedure for causing diabetes amid the present generation population. In this regard, examination concerning health risks of diabetes associated with consumption of fast food will assist nurses in possessing adequate knowledge about the causes accountable for diabetes.The key search terms for this proposed study include fast food, health hazards and diabetes. Additionally, the proposed study will aid in determining the association that exist amid these search terms.The modern day individuals especial ly adolescents along with young

Human Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Communication - Essay ExampleHowever, as time passed, we human beings learned and developed words and speech to start our thoughts and feelings with one another. We use communication to understand each other and maintain our social relationship with family, friends, society, and the rest of the world. We communicate to know what is happening around us. We interact and build connections with our fellow human beings to develop the world and our civilization. So how does human communication happen? Let me simplify it this way. Humans communicate by transmit messages to one another from sender to receiver. Intrapersonal communication refers to the process of communication that occurs in the mind of a person while interpersonal communication is the process of steerral ones thoughts, ideas, and feelings in the form of speech toward another person or groups of people. The communication process is more like what we are doing now. I am sending the information, while you receive the message. However, one must also note that alien communication uses another form of communication called telepathy. In telepathic communication, aliens transfer their own thoughts to another being without the use of normal sensory channels. In this process, an alien sender can transfer his thoughts to another receiver using however the mind. ... Language, being a communication tool, consists of shared symbols, sounds, and gestures that is understandable to a group or community. You see, in our world, we do not share a common language with everybody. This is because we come from different social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds which make up the differences in cultures around the world. Interestingly, the earth is made up of 1,500 different cultures as identified in the cyclopaedia of World Cultures. We use the term intercultural communication in reference to the interaction between people of different cultural backgrounds. Cultural differences around the world do not only arise because we are made up of national states for instance, we refer to Chinese culture in the country of China. We may also tell of other cultural groups that are distinguishable over a longer period of time such as male culture, teenage culture or working class culture. According the communication scholar Jens Alwood, the cultural differences between groups of these types are often just as great as or plain greater than those that exist between national cultures. The importance of intercultural communication has been greatly recognized because we have become increasingly globalized due to the unprecedented advancement of our technology, transportation, and communication. As such, acquiring intercultural communication skills is important to avoid misunderstanding and mistakes when dealing with people from other cultural groups. To deal with our differences, communication scholars have categorized an individuals intercultural communicative competence based on knowledge, motivation, an d skills.

Reading summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reading summaries - Essay ExampleThis approach considers intoxication to be a positive thing and a state of enhancement. It describes intoxication as, a form of bodily pleasure. This perception is in complete disagreement with the initial perception.According to this article, despite the fact that the harm caused by intoxication cannot be disputed, the campaign aimed at changing drinking practices is hindered by the gap between common health and general instinct of intoxication. For instance, the article points out that, recent researches have revealed that the youth might be involved in drinking as a part of a wide-ranging culture of hedonistic consumption (Keane 2009, P. 142). The article asserts that for there to be any meaningful outcome from such campaigns, there needfully to be a proper understanding of the various uses of inebriant and the influence of social culture on drinking culture. There should also be to a greater extent understanding of the nature and impact of co ntrolled alcohol consumption among the youth. Not until there is a proper understanding by the public health on alcohol consumption and the pleasure and risks involved that there shall be a solution for the problem. Public health and the general public should have a general understanding of these aspects of alcoholism and

Malthus vs Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Malthus vs Marx - Essay ExampleMarx on his part argues that crises can also occur. However, they identify problem originating in different ways. Therefore, the essay will explain how each accounts for downturns in bullyist economies. It will go ahead and argue which explanation is more persuasive. To engender with, it is important to understand capitalism and its working in the association. Capitalism refers to an economic system characterized by corporate or private ownership of capital goods through and through investments that are determined through private decision, and through production, distribution, and the prices of goods that are determined majorly by competition in a free market (Frank 5). Elements of capitalism accept production of goods or services for profit, means of production is owned privately, wage get, and competitive markets. This system became dominant after feudalism diminished in the western world. It is worth noting that the designation of this system is applied to different historical cases that vary in geography, culture, time, and politics (Frank 9). Capitalism has many variants that bear the aforementioned characteristics though the tip of application of these characteristics may differ a little bit. The main forms of capitalism include state capitalism, free- market capitalism, mercantilism, corporate capitalism, and social market capitalism. Of particular recreate to this essay is the production aspect of capitalism, especi each(prenominal)y as it has been the focus of Malthus and Marxs jousts. Thomas Malthus is widely known for his theories on population. However, his contributions to political economy theories were equally significant. Malthus argument focused on production and its ability to meet the economic demand of a society. In developing his theories about political economy, he defended Sismondis views on global glut. Malthus argues about general glut, which means overproduction of goods, in his Surplus Theory (Hollander 12). According to him, the general glut question may be general as well as particular, permanent or temporary as well. He argues that the concept of the general glut in a given society has a potential of presenting a problem (Buccholz 60). Malthus glut theory was based on insufficient aggregate demand that was analyzed through the existing patterns of disbursal among the three socio- economic classes. He assumed that capitalists would spend their income on basic inescapably since they will not have time and capacity to utilize all the goods and services at their disposal thus spending most of their income on the capital accumulation (Hollander 26). The property owners on their part would spend most of their income on personal services and luxury items such as culture and arts. Besides, he assumed that laborers would spend most their incomes if not all on basic needs necessary to maintain their basic subsistence level and would not have remaining money for savings. Malth us argued that the glut problem was because of high rate of savings among the capitalists making the capital accumulation rate to be unsustainable. Therefore, demand for labor would increase in order to keep up with the capital growth. This may result to temporal labor shortage causing rise of wages or some newly invested capital may fail to find matching labor hence sightly idle (Buccholz 62). Eventually, this scenario would lead to an economic crisis. To him, overproduction of

Managing Knowledge at an NHS Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Knowledge at an NHS Trust - Essay ExampleFor this vary to take place, the management needs to follow a change management process and provide incentives to the employees to stick with this change. Hopefully with this change, Reddix hospital can stand tail on its feet and shine once again.Reddix Hospital is a trust hospital under national health services (NHS) in the United Kingdom dowery over 900,000 patients in the area. It caters to many different medical fields and hence has to cater to an annual 7000 patients in admissions. With only 200 doctors whose expertise includes breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and pediatrics, the hospital finds itself short on employees and due to the recent nurse shortage, it finds itself unable to cater to altogether the patients are diligently as it like to. besides due to the inefficiencies and conventional systems, the hospital cannot cope up with the demands of the patients and the employees alike.Being a big hospital, Reddix faces many problems in the daily operations which it tries to address. In all its problems the integrating between the departments was considered the biggest challenge. Since the hospital has many different departments that provide specialist information to the customers and as well as other departments, it needs to integrate its systems used in each department like Radiology Information Systems (RIS), Patient Administration System (PAS), Laboratory Information Systems (LIS), Clinical Patient Record (CPR), Pharmacy Systems (PS) and nurse Systems (NS). Without the proper management and collaborative working, these departments can never truly achieve the desired efficiency and therefore effectiveness.Analyzing the situation, it is apparent that the hospital will needs an overhauling of the full systems and the processes. Therefore a change strategy needs to be used in the scenario to free Reddix out of the crunch situation. It has to interoperate between the departments. In this context, it means that all business units must work in unison to create synergy and lead the organization to achieve operational efficiency.RecommendationsThe change process described by the psychologist Kurt Lewin in the early 20th century must be followed here. Lets see how this can be done (Lewin & Gold, 1999).1) The first part of this change process in the unfreezing of the current norms of the organization. This means to change the peoples sense of safety and feel a sense of control. The employees at Reddix have become used to the hospital norms and like that norm to remain the way it is. Breaking this norm is the key to success however due to non-commitment and resistance to change, this break though needs a systematic strategy. firstly of all the employees at the hospital must be made aware of need for change. This involves sending the employees to seminars, or having meetings where the need for change is discussed (Isaac, 2006). When the employees unde rstand the need for change, accordingly the actual changes must be brought along. 2) After the initial education of the employees, the actual changes must be enforced on the employees by giving them goals and objectives (Fred, 2006). According to the story by National Health Services,

THTR 201 Production Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THTR 201 Production Response - Essay ExampleMr. Darcy is not an easy humanity to love and at first is graceless and stiff making Elizabeth to be prejudicially inclined to make unwarranted observations towards him. The development of this love and attraction between Darcy and Elizabeth commences with the refusal by Darcy to take a shit a dance with Elizabeth, which would be followed, later by Elizabeths passionate refusal to his initial proposal at a wonderfully wet rainy scene. Though female characters dominate the play, there are strong performances by males as shown by the sycophantic Mr. Collins and the commanding and all-powerful Mr. Bennet. Mr. Collins shows in the play that all the six women from Bennets household will be under his command and mercy as he stands to inherit the immaculate estate which makes the senior Mrs. Bennet to try and find means of safely marrying off their other daughters.My three favorite characters are Elizabeth, Darcy and Mrs. Bennet as they underst andably give credence to the name of the play, which is pride and prejudice. Elizabeth and Darcy are very quick to judge someone else and are proud emphasizing the human natural instinct to judge quickly on the first impression. Both the nonethelesstual two lovers have strong negative first impressions of each other and people in general and it becomes more fun when they get over their pride and come together at the end of the play. Mrs. Bennet is equally my favorite character as having known the character of Mr. Collins she endeavors to ensure that her remaining five daughters have the best in life and would want them to be safely married off. These characters of creation proud and prejudicial to others also apply to me as in most instances, I have always been proud and make perception of people even before knowing them.The major theme in the story Pride and Prejudice is love as it is a courtship between Elizabeth and Darcy and these two have to overcome numerous

Our foolish thoughts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our foolish thoughts - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, Gray Sloan in his adjudicate Sleuthing Patriotic Slogans argues in satirical way ab bug out the words used in superpatriotic slogans. Since the time Sloan has been learning and teaching language, he has been excessively analyzing the grammar usage in todays patriotic slogans. Even though he finds errors in grammar structure of those slogans, he does not care much about that, because he concerns more about the meaning of those slogans. However, both authors are worried about the eloquence in todays habitual speeches and patriotic slogans would be used by people in power to hypnotize and fool American people. Jacoby uses the word folks as an example of the change in policy-making terminals. Politicians these days usually use the term folks to address Americans instead of people or ladies and gentlemen like in the old days. Jacoby wonders why this term is used these days especially after she finds out that the term folks has never been used before as a political term. The word folks was once a colloquialism with no political meaning (395). She believes that using colloquial terms in todays public speeches is a way of isolating American people from political decisions, which downgrades them like if they were ineligible for such decisions. As she declares The specific political use of folks as an exclusionary and inclusionary signal, designed to make speaker sound like one of the boys or girls, is symptomatic of a humiliatement of public speech inseparable from a more general erosion of American culture standards. Casual colloquial language also conveys an tacit denial of the seriousness or whatever issue being debated talking about folks going off to war is the equivalent of describing rape victims as girls (395). Unlike todays politicians, former leaders were trying to use simple words to let people understand their speech but without debasement of a public speech. However, Jacoby also concerns about the change of the term soldiers to military man by politicians and media. Jacoby states that some people in media or military media claim that the term soldiers would be sickening for women who have joined the army as Dimwits, since they claim that the term soldier sounds masculine that is not true. Jacoby believes that the reason behind the change of that term is to magnify the news about the war and its losses. She links the change in both terms folks and troops to the debasement of speeches as she states Like unremitting appeals to folks, the victory of troops over soldiers offers an impressive illustration of the relationship between fuzzy thinking and the debasement of everyday speech (396). Just as Jacoby who does not define the debase speech as one that simply uses prosaic grammar structure, Sloan almost has the same concerns about the signs and billboards, posters and stickers emblazoned with patriotic slogans such as United We Stand, Support the Troops, Pray for the Tro ops, allow Freedom Ring, Home of the Brave, God Bless America which can be met everywhere in his hometown. His main argument is about the way the slogans are create verbally and what they really mean. He analyzes those patriotic slogans and criticizes them satirically. In addition, he finds some of them are contradictive and unrealistic. For example, Let Freedom Ring and United We Stand, he believes that those two patriotic slogans are conflict with each other, as he wonders

Equal Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Equal Protection - Essay ExampleIn date to this clause, the amendment acknowledges that all peck get created equal and should be treated as such. The clause further acknowledges the three fundamental aspects of gracious beings as life, emancipation and search for happiness (Lee, 2003). It is cost seeking the background of equal protection in the US. The idea started back in 1766 when Thomas Jefferson and the American colonists declared the hidden truth about human equality. However, the meaning of this concept was never clearly downstairsstood by people at that time. Slavery got incorporated in all systems of the United States including its economy, political and club relationships. A constitution got drafted in the US that allowed slave masters to involve in the slave trade with black slaves getting regarded as personal plaza owned by slave masters (Peoples & Bailey, 2012). The fourteenth amendment of the US constitution provided the most fundamental civic rights in the histo ry of the US in regard to equal protection by the law. Section I of the amendment states that all individuals born or who got naturalized in the United States are citizens of the country. The amendment further acknowledges that none of these citizens should be deprived of any rights provided in the amendment in respect to equal protection (Lee, 2003). ... It, however, remained the center of civil rights movements during and after the Second World War. Black people in the US could enjoy their civic rights as it was the case with any other citizen. The law provided affirmative action that sought to promote equal treatment and equal for all raceways in the country (Lee, 2003). The equal protection clause came during a period referred to as the Reconstruction era in the US. During this period the South came under military occupation from the North. This resulted in black Americans realizing some short term benefits as a result of the situation (Peoples & Bailey, 2012). Black people co uld be choose to office in state governments as well as the federal government. Among some of the most famous accomplishments of the black people was one African American who managed to get a seat on the South Carolina Supreme Court. Race-Based Classifications Traditionally, race and nationality were the only classifications that could be made of people. Although, with time other approaches got adopted, classifications based on race have remained prevalent in America. In 1977, the Office of Budget Management issued the race and ethnic standards that were to be used for federal statistics and administrative reporting. Prior to publicize these standards, OMB sought public opinion on the standards and their efficiency in reflecting the national outlook and expectations of the people of United States. Since 1960s the federal government has collected statistics on race and ethnicity during its census. This data has proved vital in addressing civic issues such as employment, voting righ ts, housing and mortgage lending, as well as healthcare services. However, this data has not always served its purpose efficiently. In recent times,

Why does Hollywood hates Arabs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why does Hollywood hates Arabs - Essay ExampleWe can infer this typical stereotyping from a film Reel Bad Arabs which does not imply the consultation to have an impression about what Arabs and Muslims are. It resembles the word Real Bad Arabs which the word alone passed a negative judgement about a certain(p) group of people with a distinct culture without even inquiring the essence of Mohammedism. This stereotyping is typical and often feeds and enflames on the prejudice against Muslims and Arabs. It rides on the negative perspective of pathos, or capitalizing on the negative emotional connotation and impression about Arabs to sell as a film by highlighting Arabs and Muslims as injurious guys as initially conveyed by the news.This is quite effective because this approach appeals to the basic instinct of people which is fear. Fear is common among people and Hollywood use this to excerpt interest among the audience of its films by demonizing the Arabs and Muslims whom fear can fe ed on. It is only unfortunate that this fear can later turned into loathing because it is human nature to reject and abhor things that its fears.Arabs and Muslims then became as a favorite enemy of Hollywood when its audience subconsciously wants to confront and overcome its fear. It then exalts the virtue of overcoming a challenge at the expense of another group of people who are helpless about their portrayals in the films.Demonizing Arabs does not even have to be logical. The tile Reel Bad Arabs is not even intelligible nor have any shade of logos in it but its producers knew that it does not have to be rational or logical in the presentation of its film to have an audience. Hollywood knows that when peoples pathos are awakened, the logos can be overshadowed because the audience are already entertained by capitalizing and feeding on their fears. This fear was even made into humor by Leslie Nielsen in the film An American chirp where Leslie

Health Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Health - Article ExampleSome, with adequate and early therapy, are able to attend regular classes in school and secure avenues of employment afterwards albeit somewhat limited. Though autism is incurable and usually results in social isolation to varying degrees, various forms of treatment bring proven to make a decidedly positive impact in the way autistics interact with others.Autism is the most prevalent incremental disorder affecting one(a) in every 166 children (How Common?, 2006). Symptoms of the disorder can be generally described as the incapability to adequately interact socially along with a disinterested demeanor. It is an abnormality in the structure of the brain caused by genetic predispositions or from damage occurring during the development phase (Bryson & Smith, 1998). The severity of autism varies widely among individuals as does its think symptoms but there are certain aspects relating to social interaction shared by all with the disorder. Avoiding direct eye co ntact, distinctive body posturing and seventh cranial nerve expressions as hale as other nonverbal communication deficiencies are a common trait. Autistic children seldom associate with those of their own age-group as well as showing a general disinterest in interacting with any other people. They also do not demonstrate empathy because they lack the understanding of another(prenominal) persons sorrow or pain. Deficiencies in communication skills can include symptoms such as a delay in speaking development or not being able to speak at all. About half of those with autism never learn to talk.Well-designed and personalized programs targeted to manage an autistic persons biological disorder have proven to take full advantage of their learning potential thus lessening the effects of autism. The objective of treatment is to leaven the childs language and social development and to curb behaviors which impede the childs learning capabilities. A cure is not possible because autism is a chronic cognitive

Psych research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psych research paper - Essay ExampleIf we would listen to our physical and inner emotional needs more maybe we would non always be sick with the problems associated with stress. I say this only because I have had my share of anxiety and stress, and know that it can take a toll on a person if not taken care of properly.Lisa is a hero of mine that I have not seen since she became a L.P.N. this past summer. We started to catch up on life and even some gossip. This is when I noticed something was not quite right with her. We talked a little more and I still had a touch sensation she was not telling me something. Later in the week I spoke to a mutual friend and asked her if she had spoken to Lisa. It was then that I found bring out she had been having anger issues. Our friend told me of a couple of different incidences that Lisa was involved with. Both times she got very anger, very quickly at things that should not have mattered. The friend also told me she was drinking a little more often and when out she was either quiet or very loud to the point of being obnoxious. This was not the person that I knew at all. This was a person who always seemed to have things together. I had asked if anything was going on that I did not know about that would bump off her this way. The friend told me about her switching positions at the hospital because of her being a nurse now, and said she was not handling the stress of that very well. That was all she told me about. again I knew that this still was not her to be like this over something like a new job that I knew she was anxiously waiting to do.Later in the week I called Lisa to see if see was home. When I spoke with her again I could tell she still was not herself. I came out and asked if there was something unconventional with her and she then started to cry on the phone. She then told me how the new job was not all what she thought it was going to be. It turns out to be a very stressful job with lots of patients to c are for and very

Doha Rounds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

capital of Qatar Rounds - Essay ExampleNoteworthy is that a decision action has been avoided due to many considerations, and the Global Economic Crisis (GEC) is one of the approximately outstanding factors that probably demotivates some countries. This has undoubtedly altered the framework wherein the Doha Round is placed and is prone to lead the concerned countries rethink and reconsider the future.Admittedly, there was a disagreement and a divide on various issues between some countries with respect to agriculture, industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers, services, and trade remedies.1 The countries concerned range between true ones under the auspices of European Union (EU), the United States (US) and Japan and the major developing ones represented by India, Brazil, China, and South Africa.As a matter of fact, the Doha Round commenced at a ministerial-level conference in the Qatari capital, Doha in 2001. After that international meeting, other ministerial conferences were hel d in Cancun, Mexico (2003), Hong Kong (2005). Moreover, it is important to punctuate that many negotiations tackling the same summit took place in Switzerland (in 2004-2006-2008). Parallel to that, some meetings were led in Paris, France (2008) and Postdam, Germany (2007).Accordingly, the Doha Round turned out to be the runner major multilateral trade negotiation, yet it failed. Such collapse marks a historic reversal in the steady progress vis--vis the liberalization of homo trade over the coming years. The most recent round of negotiations took place two years ago on July 23-29, 2008. It also failed as long as the participating countries were unable to reach a consensus and a compromise on agricultural import rules. 2Also, there was a conflict and a heat debate between the U.S, China, and India so that they could accept the negotiation modalities. It is also worthwhile mentioning that during the preparatory process, two major developing

Socialist Critique of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socialist Critique of Capitalism - Essay ExampleFurthermore, socialism argues for the collective ownership of the factor of production as this prioritizes the common good against individualistic advantage (A Brief Introduction to Socialism from a Non-Marxist, Democratic Libertarian Perspective, n.d.). One can easily avow that the socialist argument subordinates individual advantage to collective good as this, it is assumed, will overshadow the inherent selfishness of man.Marx was triumphant in his critique against capitalism (Manifesto of the communist Party, 1847) which was strongly manifested after the 1950s nations of the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and Eastern Europe were aptly persuaded to overthrow their existing mode of production and replace it with Marxs communism/socialism that promises a classless society which was rather Utopian at the time and until now. Marx fittingly made use of theories of human personality to cogently deliver his denigration against capitalism. Ho wever, Marx did not straight use the term human nature exactly instead applied another concept which was species-being or species-essence. This conception of Marx in relation to human nature was borrowed from the philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach which submits to both specific human nature and the entire humanity. Marx translated this philosophy as a treatise that declares humans as conscious actors in the unfolding of register and nature itself. In the year 1845, Marx inscribed to the world his belief that the human essence cannot be found in a particular individual but in his association with the larger social relations which he belongs. Logically, this statement points to the insight that the human essence is a fluid concept which is hardwired on the score structure of social relations borne out from a society. He then goes on to assert that the fundamental essence of humans as individuals enmeshed in a particular mode of production is their tire. One of the primary arguments o f Marx was that humans are distinguished through their behavior toward production and that this economic activity is their soul. Yet, he did not entirely described labor as a perfectly embedded human essence but one that is also the source of oppression, estrangement, and hole-and-corner(a) property. He ardently argued that in communism labor is an unnecessary human activity and an abhorrent fraction of the material state of societies whereas in capitalism labor represents the material exigencies of the few owners of production and the workers themselves were merely caricatures of torment, suffering, and hard work. Moreover, Marx alleged that productive activities which are vital to human nature are only gratifying if punish freely. Under the pretext of capitalism, labor is nothing but a tool of dehumanization and isolation for the providers of the valuable labor. Furthermore, labor performed in capitalism invariably produces alienation of the workers from their own produce. Marx (1932), in his article on historical materialism, used the allegory of a carpenter working on a chair. A carpenter who successfully accomplished an entire chair is more self-fulfilled than the carpenter who only took fractions of work to complete an entire chair. Marx related labor with self-identity thus claiming that in capitalism which is characterized by

Successful interview with SABIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Successful interview with SABIC - Essay ExampleThe interviewers included four managers, the supervisor, the superintendent and an officer responsible for analyzing interviewees personalities. In one word, I would name the entire experience, a magnificent one. The incident was marked with a lot of challenges, but I managed to get the best out of the opportunity at hand. With the table service of my brother, I faced the panel with a lot of confidence. At one moment, my patience was tried with some of their questions. However, as my brother advised, it was my role to ensure that I maintain calm at all times, as that was the onset of the journey towards my career. The panel asked me of the color of the seawall behind me, which was quite puzzling. It was clear that the paint of the wall behind me was the same as the one in front of me, and I simply played with their minds by answering that it is the same as the one in front of me. The day was actually good despite the challenges since I had prepared well for the interview. This preparation gave me the confidence I needed to face the panel and demonstrate my abilities and skills. Prior to the interview, I had the information that 20 people were already set for the day. This would cause some discomfort for any normal human. Worse still, the company however had the place for only 3 individuals. This means that ones efforts would save them. I thank my brother for his contribution to my success, as he had information on companies and advised me on how to answer the panels questions. Specifically, he advised that I do not fret to say that I did not waste information on some questions asked. I actually applied his rule to the Chemistry and the general questions asked. Even with the threat that they would post me to another city to work, I agreed with the panel and said I was prepared for any encounter. The interview ended well as the company accepted me for the job.

Market Structures Essay Example for Free

Market Structures EssayEach food market structure plays a significant role in the economy. Markets are categorized according to the structure of each industry serving the market. Three of the basic market structures include agonistic markets, monopolies, and oligopolies. These differ due to the different number of strength of buyers and sellers and also the level of collusion between them. There are stages of competition and magnitude of the difference in products. When there are many buyers and sellers of a product then neither firms are able influence legal injurys, therefore making it competitive. In competitive markets there are not restraints on firms going in and out of the market and buyers can purchase the equivalent product or products from many sellers and get the same products. For example, potatoes are in the competitive market because consumers can find a potato farm that offers them at the lowest market price, and they can produce stock-still much they want or as much as they can profit from at the going rate. There are many options for buyers because, with the knowledge, there is a lower price so they can always observe to find the best price. Lets say a good/product is $10 at the market price and a firm produces 10 units per day.The total gross for the day would be $100 ($10 x 10 = $100), but the marginal revenue with producing the eleventh unit per day would increase from $100 to $ 110 ( 11 x $10). However marginal cost do vary depending on the beat of goods produced. For example, a firm may increase input so marginal cost is equal to the market price. As long as the market price covers the variable cost there is incentive to stay in business, and possibly in the long run maximize profits (Jeffery Ely, 2012). So basically with a numerous amount of buyers and sellers in the market it grows competition and very little bargaining power for buyers and sellers.There are usually not many barriers that subsist within competitive markets b ecause the exit and entry levels are low. For example, even though the market for making cars competitive the upfront capitol cost are high, which can create difficulty entering, or getting started. In some cases an exit barrier may exist if a large amounts of money is tied up in firm.

Analysis of the Effects of Modernism and Post-modernism on Management Practice Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the Effects of Modernism and Post- novelism on Management Practice assayThe concepts modem and post-modern have become common currency in intellectual debates regarding organizational theory. Within much(prenominal) debates, the postmodern is perceived as an epoch, a perspective, or an on the whole new paradigm of thought (C everyas 1999, p. 649). Such a conception of the aforementi matchlessd term stems from its rootedness in the conception of the modern. Chia (1995) notes that what distinguishes the postmodern from the modem is a style of thinking which eschews the noncritical social occasion of common organizational terms such as organizations, individuals, environment, structure, and culture, etc (p. 79).These terms refer to the existence of social entities and attributes in spite of appearance a modernist conception of organizational cultures. The rationale behind this lies in the ontological conception of being which privileges thinking in terms of discret e phenomenal states, static attributes and incidental events. As opposed to such an ontological conception of humankind, the postmodern stands as the champion of weak forms of ontology that emphasize a transient, ephemeral and emergent reality (Chia 1995, p. 579).If such is the case, it thereby follows that a postmodernist perspective of reality adheres to thought styles wherein reality is deemed to be continuously in flux and transformation and hence unrepresentable thereby insurmountable to situate indoors a static conception of reality. Within the sphere of organizational management, an adoption of a post-modernist perspective of reality thereby leads to a rethinking of the modern conceptions of organizations since adherence to postmodernist perspectives lead to the de-emphasis on organizations, organizational forms and organizational attributes.Such a conception of reality, however tends to emphasize the importance of topical anesthetic forms of organizational manners, whic h conjointly define a social reality. In a sense, the shift from a modern to a postmodern conception of organizations thereby leads to the re-definition of existing ontological conceptions of reality that determine the various forms of intellectual priorities as well as theoretical stipulations in the study and conception of organizations. In lieu of this, this papers get out provide a sceneualization of the implications of such perspectives within organizational structures.The analysis of such willing be determined through the analysis of the effects of such perspectives in relation to management practices. An example of the application of the postmodernist perspectives within the field of organizational theory is unpatterned in the Foucauldian analysis of human resource systems. Edward Baratt (2003) notes that a Foucauldian conception of organizational structures has enabled the formation of a conceptual architecture and a method for exploring and problematizing Human Resource Management (p. 084).Baratt notes, a Foucauldian conception of organizations has enabled the formation of conditions wherein all members of an organization whitethorn engage in the practice of critical truth telling (p. 1085). The importance of such may be fully understood if one considers its effects in relation to the two dominant paradigms that dictate Human Resource Management discourse managerialist and critical evaluative positions.Jacques (1999) notes, Managerialist and critical evaluative positions in binary opposition to each other constitute the main sites from which we can speak academically about HRM (p. 200). The distinction between the two positions are evident if one considers that in one line of argument has been an emphasis on the production of an enterprising subject dependent on practices designed to engage an employees psyche.The possibility of such lies in the formation of managerial practices that opt for the continuous subjectification of the subject in this s ense the employee. Within such managerial practices, the subject is placed within various forms of practices of subjectification that leads to the development of different form of competencies that further lead to the continuous embeddedness of the subject within the organization. The difficulty within such a managerial method lies in its creation of a fabricated subject.The pragmatic aspect involved within such a method, however, may be traced to its ability to create cultivable subjects productive employees. As opposed to such a totalizing form of managerial methodologies, alternative arguments of the postmodernist kind emphasize the possibility of enabling the co-existence and interrelationships between human resource technologies of the self-importance and other disciplinary practices specifically those situated within the grounds of technological and accounting controls (Baratt 2003, p. 1084).A popular theme of such methodologies gives emphasis on the intensification and mund aneness of superintendence and control method through technological and accounting measures. Within these method, management methods are thereby perceived as enabling the formation that determine the relationships within the employment by taking control of indeterminate relationships amongst the members of the workplace through the imposition of increase surveillance methods that impose order on the inherently undecidables conditions of the workplace.Such a methodology thereby adheres to a postmodernist conception of human relations and social reality as it opts to clarify the indeterminate variables within organizations through the use of effective instruments for the formation and accumulation of knowledge-methods of observation, techniques of registration, procedures for investigation and research, apparatuses of control (Foucault 1980, p. 102).Within such a scheme, the function of management systems and hence of managers lies in ensuring the maintenance of the precarious local orchestration of material, technical and social relationships which give rise to relatively stabilized configurations (Chia 1995, p. 601). The heads of the management of organizations, in this sense, are thereby tasked with ensuring the implementation as well as the continuous development of more efficient production practices within the surveillance scheme of management systems.Analytic evaluation schemes used in forming job evaluations will thereby be created so as to ensure the ordering of a population. Managerial positions, in this sense, may be seen as the roles that enable the implementation of the surveillance scheme that enables the continuous effectiveness of a human resource management system. In summary, the effects of the tenets of both modernism and postmodernism are evident within the workplace or within organizational theories of management and hence management itself as they influence the historical means of constructing the relations within the workplace.The modern ist conception, which perceives reality as bound by static relations, failed to account for the indeterminate variables resulting from the complexity of power relations within the workplace. Such a complexity, however, was accounted for by a postmodernist perspective of organizations due to its apprehension of the fluidity of social relations as a result of their embeddedness within the discourse of power and knowledge that define the conditions within any sphere in this context the public sphere.Within the field of Human Resource Management, the construction of knowledge operates through rules of classification, ordering, and distribution evident in the definitions of activities and the formation of rules of procedure, which determines a particular governances management discourse. The importance of postmodernist perspectives lies in its promise of the possibility of autonomy within such a predefined and hence rigid sphere.The possibility, in this sense, may be attained through e nabling the co-existence and interrelationships between human resource technologies of the self and other disciplinary methods. In line with the postmodernist specifically Foucauldian discourse, the postmodernist has thereby enabled the development of Human Resource Systems and hence Management systems that enable the formation of an understanding regarding the means in which various individuals may be formulated so as to create a system which allows the creation of objectivity amidst the grounds of subjective wills.

Scientific Evidence in Support of a Mind-Body Connection Essay Example for Free

Scientific Evidence in Support of a Mind-Body Connection EssayDescartes most notable wordsCogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)are so powerful because of their intrinsic validity no sensation can question their truth. Nevertheless, what follows from this preface in Meditations on the runner Philosophy is Descartes thesis that mind and physical structure are completely separate and distinct entities (page 139). He also mootd that because of this separation, the mind is uninfluenced by and can outlive the embody (insert page ). In contrast to the undeniable and wellspring-founded nature of Descartes cogito ergo sum, these declarations are both rough and under-justified. It is impossible for the mind and the body to be separate. To properly argue this point I present my own logical train of thought (in the Descartes tradition) starting with Descartes foundational opinion of being a mere thinking thing. The mind cannot be without perceptions, which cannot be conveyed in the absence of senses. It follows that to let senses, iodine must have a body outfitted with sensorial equipment. Because of this close association and mutual dependence the mind and the body share, it follows that if the body is affected in some way, so withal will the mind be. As for matters of the spirit or soul, perhaps it is an element inhabiting the mind and the body as one, as they are inseparable.In the Meditations on the First Philosophy, Descartes begins the creation of an intellectual rebirth building up from the foundation of his knowledge in assessing the validity of information conveyed to him by his senses. Starting in the third meditation, Descartes begins to dubiety everything, stating that because he has learned everything through his unreliable senses, he can know nothing for certain apart from the item that he is actively doubting (page ). Descartes deduces himself to a mere thinking thing (page ), a lone entity floating in space with nothing but intellec t for comp any(prenominal). What should have instantly dismissed the mood of the possibility of being a mere thinking thing from the very start of the meditation is the fact that Descartes could not ration in ally deny his own senses.Descartes willingness to believe that he may not have senses betrays an underlying fact in order to have any kind of information or ideas to actively deny, one must necessarily have senses which transmit information to the mind somewhat the physical knowledge domain outside the intellect. Descartes own ideas of the world, memories, and perceptions serve as evidence of conversation from the outside world to his mindeven if he chooses to reject what was transmitted as hopelessly flawed.Descartes himself asserts that something cannot come from nothing (page ). By this logic, a thinking thing cannot know what to think unless given a foundational mental archive of information. Without experiencing anything outside of itself and not receiving any stimulus from the senses, thoughts would be impossible for a thinking thing. The fact that Descartes is trying to deny information he previously believe to be true proves that his mind has gleaned knowledge from outside of itself by some means of sensory extension.For example, when people think, they do it with the aid of language. Descartes never once explains or considers the fact that he is thinking in a languagea tool that ostensibly had to be learned from an outside source. While a similar conclusion is eventually reached in Meditation VI, the acknowledgement of the senses should have been first verity eject beyond a reasonable doubt.After having accepting the fact that senses are indisputably real, one naturally comes to recognize the need of a body, since there must be some kind of extension through which the senses convey information. Again, using Descartes undeniable assertion that something cannot come form nothing it must be true that senses have a physical reality. They must ha ve this in order to interpret and communicate information about a physical world. A body is a means of physical extension by which the senses operate. Since one can be certain that senses are real, and because the senses have constantly conveyed information of the presence of a body, one can rationally be certain that the body too, is real. Baby.Throughout all of his meditations, Descartes maintains that the mind is purely a thinking thing (page ) med II. This is the position of Antonio Damasio in Descartes misplay the comprehensive understanding of the human mind requires an organism perspective that not only must the mind move from a nonphysical cogitum to the realm of biological tissue, but it must also be related to a whole organism possessed of integrated body proper and brain and fully synergistic with a physical and social environment. (page )There is no way of proving that the mind can exist without a body. Our way of experiencing seemingly intangible mental legal action may be no more than the phenomenon of chemical signaling between neurons in the brain and throughout the body. It is not impossible that there could exist a purely mental realm outside of our physical awareness, however because our minds are so tightly intertwined with our bodies, we have no sure way of knowing. What we can be sure of is that our minds have a physical basis in our bodies.What must next be argued based on what has been established above are Descartes assertions regarding divisibility of the body verses the mind. In Meditation VI, Descartes comes to decide that though there is some inexplicable means by which the mind and body are linked, they remain two variant things. Based on this assumption, he comes to decide that the mind is in dividable while the body, by design, is divisible (page 139). Descartes does not provide a solid logical line of business for his assertion. When discussing the divisibility of the body, Descartes abandons his style of lengthy and well- thought-out line of reasoning. Rather, he holds that an amputee, though physically divided from a limb, would suffer no mental alteration.While it is true that a somebody can survive after losing a foot, it is also true that the mind loses access to all of the information the lost foot would have conveyed about the world ground motion and temperature, text editionure, and surrounding material. The foot also gave the body the ability to walk, run, and balance. In this example, division of the body through the loss of a limb would tip to a void of information in the mind. Every component constituting the body is considered and accounted for in the mind. When thinking of doing something or going somewhere, the mind takes in to account all advantages and hindrances of possible future actions and analyzes a plan of action. The mind does this constantly and mostly, unconsciously.In the absence of an appendage the mind must adjust and re-diagram plans of action. It must also curb up for the fact that it has lost all of the sensory input that once came from the lost appendage. Certainly in the case of losing more vital parts of the body such as a lung or heart, the mind would be deprived not only of the sensory input, but also of a resource demand to survive it would be physically altered beyond repair. For these reasons, it is evident that the body is not so easily divisible as Descartes, never having lost a limb himself, implies.In regards to conditions of the mind, Descartes chief reason for asserting that the mind is indivisible is that upon introspection, he can only understand himself to be one complete thing. In making this statement about the mind, Descartes is not referring to the brain rather, he is referring to an entity outside of the brain. An intangible intelligence. As previously discussed, as far as we can rationally prove, the brain and the mind are one in the same. Because The Meditations on the First Philosophy was meant to be an analysis on gai ning certainty of reality using a systematic and rational method, the consideration of indivisibility of the mind must be argued in terms of the brain.One of the most famous, more modern examples proving the divisibility of the brain is the case of Phineas Gage. though there were undoubtedly many cases of people surviving brain damage in the time when Descartes lived, the accident endured by Phineas Gage is well known and well documented. Phineas Gage is a man made famous for his survival of an accidental lobotomy. After being impaled by a metal rod through the frontal lobe of his brain, Phineas Gage remarkably, made a full corporeal recovery.However, following the accident, there was evidence of profound personality change. (Source) From all that we humans have learned about ourselves in the ways our mentality works, evidence such as brain damage, and its capability to completely change a person, this seems evidence enough that our minds are divisible that they are an ever-changin g entities that can survive in cases of severance. As far as a soul is concerned, we have no solid evidence proving any such thing exists. So how can Descartes scientifically speculate matters regarding its characteristics, and particularly, its possible divisibility?The case of Phineas Gage reinforces the argument that the mind and body are not, divisible those sunburnt in the mind are also unhealthy in the body, and vise versa. One cannot be whole without the company of the other. As for matters of the soul, they are purely questioning as they cannot be supported by any kind of evidence, and should be left to faith alone. Author You need to source the Gage case in the text and in your References at the endDespite inconsistencies in Descartes treatise, his ideas continue to challenge conventional wisdom, just as they offered a new perspective to people trapped in the close-minded society of his day. Descartes provoked readers to think for themselves, an action which was at that t ime punishable by death. Though he would never fully know the fulfilment to which he affected society, his dream of stimulating new ways of thinking became a global phenomenon that continues in the contemporary world.If it is essentially the soul to which Descartes is referring when he uses the Latin word for mind, than by Descartes own standards laid out in his Discourse on Method, specifically, his rule to never believe anything to be true unless he himself can prove it (insert page ), it can never be proven, for one would have to die first to be sure.ReferencesDamasio, A.R. (1994). Descartes Error Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York Putnam Publishing.Descartes, philosophical Essays and Correspondence (cir.1641). Translation by Donald Cress (1993). Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company.Grassian, S. (1983). Psychopathological Effects of Solitary Confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1450-1454.Grassian, S. Friedman, N. (1986). Effects of Sensory Deprivatio n in Psychiatric Seclusion and Solitary Confinement. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8, 49-65.Sutker, P. et al. (1991). Cognitive Deficits and Psychopathology Among Former Prisoners of War and Combat Veterans of the Korean Conflict. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 67-72.

Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism Essay

Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism EssayAbstractThe inquiry project aimed to do a point analysis of the ethical issues of fatal touristry. Six inquiry objectives were set out to help achieve this aim. In the process of gathering relevant in ca-caation on this topic, an analysis of Acheronian touristry throughout the years leave be done, followed by the commitment of different causations.Further much than, by examine in depth both(prenominal) the consumers and providers portend of views to further fancy the ethical dilemma of dark touristry, the look into project will highlight the main problems that occur in spite of appearance this sector of tourism. substitute(prenominal) question has been chosen as a main research method. A full variety of belles-lettres was garner on the concept of culture and tourism by using a snowb altogether sampling of substitute(prenominal) literature. This type of sampling was carried out by using the reasons list of references to highlight other articles that magnate be of relevance.The findings indicated that, it whitethorn be possible to state that ethical issues will al vogues continue to exist around dark tourism, as long dark tourism itself exists too.Recommendation has been given on the importance of the consideration of the ethicalities of dark tourism. As conclusion indicated, ethical issues cannot be understated, and both consumers and providers may want to choke together, if in the future, we still would like to know about our history through the homunculus of tourism instead through textbooks and education.IntroductionHall (1998) states that tourism is the worlds largest industry, and it is pass judgment to continue to grow, develop and maintain. The tourist industry is a major economic, environmental and socio-cultural force, and it becomes a lifestyle for millions of people on our planet. Its beneficial effect on the education of political, social, cultural relations and international re lations on a global scale has become an obvious fact to all countries around the world. (Meethan, 2001)Over the stretch out half century it is seeing that tourists have long been attracted to places or events associated in one way or another with death, misfortune and suffering. ( match, 2009a) All these sites and some to a greater extent which ar similar, are what are called sites for dark tourism according to main theorists John Lennon and Malcolm Foley, as well as known as Thanatourism (Seaton, 1996 cited in Ryan et al, 2005) and Black Spots (Rojek, 1997). This form of tourism is what Seaton (1999) defines is about travelling to sites associated with death, suffering and other tragic events that have become significant tourist destinations. In fact, the act of touristic travel to places of death, war, genocide, assassination and disasters is sightly the nearly developing branch of tourism during the past years and cultural instinctive action within contemporary society. At the same time, there is evidence of a greater willingness or desire on the part of tourists to visit dark attractions and the sites of dark events. ( tilt, 2009a) For example, thousands of tourists come to Pont de lAlma Road Tunnel in Paris, to lay flowers and light candles in unofficial memorial of Princess Diana of Wales, where she died in car accident.With the growing popularity of this kind of tourism within the dark tourism market (Tunbridge and Ashworth, 1996), the ethical issues surrounding it will take on to be enquired. Ethics plays a role in nearly every business related decision. (Hartman, 1998) With the consumers and providers participating in this growth of phenomenon of dark tourism, as they potentially contrasting ethical perspectives towards dark tourism may be different.Whereas a providers means of preserving history is to charge people to maintain its upkeep, the consumers may see it as money making scheme in the expense of the deceased lives of the site. Where as the providers means of letting people know its history is through interpretation of vulgar images, may seem unethically unpleasant for consumers. The dissertation will focus on the interrogate of ethical motive in dark tourism, thereby advancing knowledge and sagaciousness of dark tourism itself.AimThe aim of the project is a critical analysis of the ethical issue of dark tourism. Whether the death could be sold and consumed fox dark attractions and national tragedies.ObjectivesTo define Dark TourismTo define the concept of ethicsTo examine in depth both the consumers and providers point of views to further understand the ethical dilemma of dark tourism.To use Stone (2006)s shades of darkness spectrum as a tool for measuring different levels of dark tourism sitesTo afford a conceptual ethical framework for the discover of selling instigative autobiographys of national calamity in heritage situationsTo suggest recommendations on the ethical issues ruleDespite the long hist ory of dark tourism and evidence of travel to sites associated with death, the pedantician attention on this phenomenon has recently appeared. As a result, a function of fundamental questions with respect to dark tourism remain unanswered. (Stone, 2009a)This topic has been chosen due to a lack of research carried out on ethical and moral issues of dark tourism. The project can be reclaimable to gain more knowledge into the topic of dark tourism.The contain of dark tourism is key for a number of reasons. It can be used for educational purposes of wider social interest or for means of enjoyment. In relation to this Stone.R (2009, p.7) states Dark tourism provides the opportunity for tourists to put through playful houses of horror, discover places of pilgrimage such as the graves or death sites of famous people or visit sites of major disasters or atrocitiesNevertheless, all these attractions regard a deep understanding within cultural, social, historical and political context , effective interpretation and development. Otherwise the nature of dark tourism, in particular, the debates and conflicts it represent, will point to a number of issues that demand examination and understanding, such as ethics and religion.Whether people visit these sites for remembrance, education or diversion purposes, there will be one dilemma relating to many dark attractions if it is ethical and moral to sell, promote or offer death for touristic consumption. For example, millions of tourists stop alongside with those, who mourning the loss of love ones, to see where the World Trade Center once stood in New York.In mark to research the dilemma of the ethics and morality of dark tourism, it is undeniable to realise that dark tourism is fascinating, emotive and provocative and it is important to explore many features of dark tourism, which may be perceived unethical by roughly people.Stone (2009a) statesConsequently, the ethics of dark tourismare perhaps part of the broader research agenda. Ultimately, from this research a fuller understanding of dark tourismshall be made, and thus knowledge of the phenomenon advanced. Naturally, anyone researching dark tourism should consider the ethics of their research, in particular how learning is both gathered and presentedFurthermore a case need will be conducted in order to have a closer look at the situation and the major problems occurring regarding ethical issues of dark tourism.In addition, the tec is originally interested in dark tourism phenomenon. For the past 2 years the investigator has visited the numerous places of death and disaster such as Chernobyl, and has discover that it is becoming increasingly popular. The detective also found out that, for 2 years there are numerous quantity of debates on particular dilemma, which will be analysed in the dissertation.It is hoped that this study will have an impact on understanding dark tourism. In addition, it is also hoped that this project will d un sanded more attention to ethical issues and provide a new point of view for those, who does not accept truth and reality of dark sites or attractions.Literature come offRoberts (2004, p.73) defines a literature review as, locating, analysing, syndissertationing and interpreting previous research This section will be used to establish theoretical framework, identify models and studies and define secern depotinology in relation to dark tourism and ethics. All research that has been conducted will be presented within this section. An in-depth review of the literature has been done in order to gather relevant info on dark tourism itself and ethical issues throughout the years. The literature matrix illustrates the main areas which are perceived to be the virtually important in relation to the topic of dark tourism ethical issues. By creating a literature review matrix, it would help the detective contrast and equalize the authors work easily. As a result by carrying out a detaile d review of the literature it could possibly identify important questions, chance upon issues and marked gaps within the current knowledge on the topic.Dark Tourism DefinitionsOnly in recent years that it has been together referred to as dark tourism, travel to places associated with death, disaster and destruction has occurred as long as people have been able to travel. In many cases there is no throw definition of this tourism niche.Although, the term dark tourism was branchly created by Foley and Lennon (1996a,b). For Foley and Lennon, the term dark tourism relates primarily to the presentation and consumption (by visitors) of real and commodied death and disaster sites (1996a198) a broad denition later rened by their assertion that dark tourism is an intimation of post- forward-lookingity (Lennon andFoley 200011).At the same time, another terminology has been applied to the phenomenon. Seaton (1996) refers to death-related tourist activity as thanatourism, while other labels include morbid tourism (Blom, 2000), Rojek (1993) offered a Black Spot tourism definition, grief tourism and milking the macabre (Dann, 199461).Nevertheless, there is a factor, which is common to all these terms of tourism. It is all about association, in one form or another, between a tourism site, attraction or watch and death, disaster of suffering. As a result, definitions of dark tourism focus on connection between tourism and death. Tarlow (200548), for example, gives identification for dark tourism as visitations to places where tragedies or historically noteworthy death has occurred and that continue to impact our lives, a definition that aligns dark tourism somewhat barely to sure sites and hints at particular motives. Miles (2002) states that, barely it excludes many dark sited and attractions related to, while not necessarily the site of, death and disaster.Therefore, for the purposes of this research project, the author will define dark tourism, according to Stone (2 006, a) simply and generally as the act of travel to sites associated with death, suffering and the seemingly macabre.EthicsStone (2006,a) states that ethics and the morality of selling provocative and sensitive narrative through heritage to the touring and visiting community is more established and documented problem of dark tourism.Ethics have been conceptualised as a set of rules and principles, concerning just conduct based on our most deeply held values, the things we most cherish and the things we most despise.(Lieberman, 2000). The term can also refer to the systematic study of way of thinking about how we ought to behave and finding a rational way of how we ought to live.Ethics and morality suggest a set of duties that require subordination of natural desires in order to obey the moral law (Singer, 1994). The 20th century saw philosophers approaching the problem of the origin of ethics as something unreachable. Among the most advertise conceptual thinkers in the field of e thics have been (Singer, 199418)Thrasymachus ( 4th century) and the thesis that ethics are imposed on the weak by the strongSocrates (4th century) and the thesis that the ruler is not concerned with his own interests, notwithstanding with that of the subjectHobbes (17th century) and his statement that ethics give the ruler a right to to command and to be compliedNietzsche (19th century) who proposed morality is the creation of the herd(led more fear than hope)Ethics and Moralisation in TourismThere are numerous schools of thoughts and opinions, and literature on the board subject of ethics is prevalent. What is more significant in the situation of the dark tourism is suggesting a conceptual ethical framework for the analysis of providing and selling provocative narratives of nationwide tragedy in heritage settings. This study is concerned with both main and obvious parts of ethics and morality as followsBusiness ethics and the extent to which businesses within the heritage industr y which communicate a dark narrative to the visiting public consider their practices to be ethical( Stone, 2006,a)Personal morality and the extent to which these often provocative narratives are received and are passable according to the moral principles of visitors from widely varying cultural backgrounds. ( Stone, 2006,a) harmonise to Stone (2006,a) the term business ethics has been set forth at the extreme as an oxymoron in the corporate world since some argue that morality, as Butcher ( 2003) states, is intrinsically absent in capitalist entrepreneurial ventures. At the moment the issue of business ethics is a conspicuous subject attracting attention from a number of communities of interest, such as consumers, pressure groups and the media (Strange and Kempa, 2003).According to Crane Matten (2007), corporate social responsibility is a dominant strand of the converse of business ethics and has been contrived to refer to the implicit process of communicating a legal and institut ional corporate framework within which a duty of care (to people, the environment and employees among others) is implied.For dark tourism, it has not been fully elaborated upon in this context since there present different problems in communicating the social responsibility of these types of heritage sites, such asThe esotericism in the scope of what is morally unimpeachable to various communities of interest is there a hierarchical order of care or responsibility that must be endorsed? Stone (2006, a) provides example of Auschwitz as the most responsible way to admit visitors in compliance with the moral and ethical codes of the relatives of prisoners and victims, but also with the moral principles of other visitor types such as Polish visitors, young visitors. Conflicts of interest, according to Ryan et al (2005), are common in heritage but more morally charged where the narrative is provocative and contestIs it ethical to adopt another national tragedy and inculcate it with new national discourse? Cole (1999a) provides this in a context of the United States final solution memorial Museum which he disputes Americanises European Jewish tragedy, repacking Holocaust for American mass consumption in theatre, tourism and heritage.In general, these discourses of corporate social responsibility are present in language of many operations thus far defined as being in the dark tourism businessStone (2006a) states, that traditionally, tourism ethics are discussed in the context of tourism as a major economic engine that can wreak havoc on the environment and can negatively temper the influence host communities in destinations imagined as culturally sensitive Cheong and Miller (2000) discuss tourism ethics in terms of normalising what is acceptable or not acceptable, and an inspecting gaze influenced by the manipulation of imagery in tourism marketing.Tourism activity offers a rare, observable form of ethical behaviour. Tourists vote with their feet and demonstrate in visiting dark heritage sites that these are morally acceptable spaces to occupy. Ethical discourses linked to the production and consumption of oppose heritage sites are shaped and maintained by many voices Stone (2006a). The issue of remembering tragedy and oppression in heritage sites and to whom memory is entrusted, is at the centre of academic debate surrounding truth and appropriate narratives broadcast by dark tourism sites.Summary of the literature reviewIssues in literature review has been addressed which stress the importance of the different definitions to cultural tourism suggested by different authors. The results of this literature review have enabled the author to complete the first objective of the study by demonstrating an understanding of the ethical issues of dark tourism, what dark tourism itself is and what ethical framework is. Using a wide range of modern academic perspectives has helped to illustrate meaning of dark tourism ethics academic perspective, which can be used in the following chapters in reviewing the main findings of the study undertaken. The matrix figure provides a summary of the main points generated by each academic paper and compares and contrasts the various authors views.The matrix figure illustrates the context of cultural tourism referred to in academic papers and books utilized in the literature review. It demonstrates that the opinions of the different authors are both different and similar.MethodologyThis section of dissertation is going to study the different research methods used within this project. In order to make this research project successful, it is important that appropriate research methods or techniques have to be chosen. The purpose of a methodology is to demonstrate, explain and justify the research methods used in this dissertation. According to Krippendorff (2004) the purpose of a methodology is to help the researcher efficaciously plan and examine the logic, composition and protocols of the re search methods that have been used in research project. The researcher will present a summary of the sources of information gathered a description of the procedure used to obtain information and the various research methods will be discussed. Furthermore, by completing the methodology it will demonstrate how a systematic investigation was applied into the topic of dark tourism.Choice of Research DesignSecondary dataSharp et al. (2002, p139) define two categories of entropy which are primary data that the researcher collects through observations, interviews, questionnaires and etc. and secondary coil data that have been collected by other previous researchers.As the author of this dissertation has al bear witnessy mentioned before, in order to perform this research project in successful way, two categories of data and different research methods should be investigated. This research project will be primarily based on secondary research because the primary research is not needed as all the information is al aimy available through secondary research sources, such as books, journals and newspapers. What is more, in order to achieve the aim that has to be investigated, the best method of research would be secondary research.To enhance the existing but very little evidence of the posed topic, secondary research was gathered. Ghosh and Chopra (2003, p.33) define the term secondary research asdata which are already in existence and collected by others, not by the investigator and are available in print and unpublished formsSecondary research was chosen as the quickest and the easiest way to access and is the most cost effective approach to this research project as well. Veal (2006) confirms this by stating that secondary data often provides researchers with rapid answers to some questions at less cost than it would to undergo primary research. Furthermore, if there is enough secondary research to base the study on then it would be a waste of resources to collect ne w information for the same purposes (Veal, 2006).What is more, secondary research seemed more relevant than primary research. This was because there was wide variety of literature on the subject of dark tourism and ethical issues, sourced from University College Birmingham library, with many books containing relevant information, which will be discussed later.Primary DataThe Oxford incline Dictionary (2002) defines primary research which is collected for a specific and immediate research need There are many different ways in which to carry out primary research. In order of this research topic, the author found that many of the theories couldnt be backed up with primary data and with a suitable sample.For the purpose of this research project, primary research could be used to gather relevant data and access a large population of students at University College Birmingham and other universities situated in Birmingham.One of the core methods of carrying out primary research is through questionnaires. Mainly, there are two forms of questionnaires open ended and closed ended. Open ended questionnaires are likely to have unlimited answers to a set of alternatives and likely to receive long answers. However, the barrier is that they are difficult to analyse and as they seem to hand the baton of control over to the other person. Closed ended questions impose a acquit essay to the validity of findings and can be answered with either a single word or a short phrase.Another form of primary research, which was considered were interviews. The Oxford English Dictionary (2002) defines interview as formal discussion between two parties in which information is exchanged. It is possible to say, that it is all about asking questions and receiving the answers.Therefore in this research project, due to difficulties in collecting the required data and access a large population for testing along the facilities required to carry out, a primary research would not be useful in gathe ring relevant data and the researcher will benefit further from analysing secondary data from literature.Obtaining ResearchThe majority of secondary research for this dissertation was gathered from books, academically reviewed journals, on-line(a) factual reports, newspapers and the internet. All this sources can justify the point of view of an author and provide relevant information about the research project.The most easily accessible secondary research method that the author of dissertation found was the routine text books. Text books were primarily used to gain background knowledge and obtain a wider understanding of specific topics. The advantage of using books is because it gives a clear understanding and academic information. As it was already mentioned before, this method was the easiest, because the researcher could get them not just from the University College Birmingham library, but also to the online library supplied by the University and other on-line organisations su ch as Amazon, EBay and Google. Key words had to be entered to find appropriate books from the on-line organisations and the library catalogue, the following key words were entered, dark tourism, dark tourism ethics, dark tourism and morality. There were some books which contained many different theories from the past to the present day. The researched decided that the most relevant authors for this research project were John Lennon and Malcolm Foley (2000) and Richard Sharpley and Phillip R.Stone (2009,a). Books for the methodology were found by entering the key words research methods and methodology.The journals are preferred because they are accurate and provide up to date data, they are also more relevant to the topic as the dissertation is concentrated on the topic of consumers and providers point of views of dark tourism. The journals were accessed through academic search engines like capital of Greece for example and journal databases such as ScienceDirect, Emerald Management Xtra. But unfortunately, these databases were not useful as they did not give any information on particular question, except ScienceDirect. Journals relating to the research topic were accessed with comfort as the researcher can type in key words and the database will present pages of journals that are associated with the key words. The key words the researcher typed in to each journal database were Dark tourism, ethical issues of dark tourism, ethics and morality, Dark tourism forum. To get more information, the researcher travelled to universities to view their journals however access to relevant information, were not as successful as it was to find them via the internet.On-line factual reports were used to obtain raw facts and figures some of these reports include Mintel. Similarly to accessing the journals, key words were entered in order to retrieve the data, the key words that were entered were Dark tourism ethics, Dark tourism. Moreover, on-line articles were read in order to gain a wider perspective of the posed subject area.The usage of newspaper and internet will also be included in order to provide a variety of information and because they are easy of access. Newspapers are useful because they are up to date, however the information can be too subjective, and as for this particular topic of dark tourism, the researcher found newspapers not really useful, because of the lack of information on dark tourism. Internet was useful source of information however the reader need to check if the source is reliable and information is updated. Websites are easy to access and easy to research information on and are also updated regularly. This variety of sources gives a check understanding of the subject.Construction of DesignOut of all the research that has been taken, text books and academic journals were the most reliable and valid to use to back up any point. This is due to the fact that dark tourism is comparatively new phenomenon in tourism industry, boo ks and academic journals are often published frequently throughout the year so the information that is provided is up to date. Furthermore, academic journals and text books are intensely reviewed by academic professionals before publication to ensure its validity.The author of dissertation aimed to gather resources that were only published after the year 1999 as this is relatively recent however certain books have been used from a much earlier date due to their relevance to the research question. However, journals or books dated in the 80s or 90s will not consider as outdated.The selection of secondary data gathered has been published in a variety of places it was thought that as the topic in question is ethical issue of dark tourism, then perhaps research published in a variety of countries would be useful to get a wide range of views from across the globe.Advantages and Disadvantages of Research MethodsAlthough secondary research was the ideal research method to use for this resea rch project, it does hold some disadvantages. There is always the risk that the author could include their own opinions, so they can strongly sway towards one point and books can be not updated on a regular basis. Also, with academic journals, there are many accurate topics and findings, however a fee is charged for many of them, some of which are only available to a certain group of people making them hard or even impossible to access, this could put a strain on the researchers findings. As for Mintel, some of reports were helpful, but not published yet for audience. Furthermore, Ghosh and Chopra (2003) mention that although it is more cost effective and less time consuming, the secondary research may not be as accurate as the researcher had hoped.Besides this, secondary research still remained ideal for the dissertation as the quality of data obtained can be better than the quality of primary research, as information gained through secondary sources could have been obtained using better and more advanced resources. Moreover, because of the lack of time and financial situation, secondary research was primarily used as being cost effective and less time consuming, it is also easy to access as it does not require any additional resources.Primary research was considered due to the fact that it is useful to gather relevant data and access a large population of students adapt to the researchers needs. However, it was rejected due to the lack of experience, funds and resources which could give a limit to the quality of the data gathered and as a result, being unsuccessful (Kumar, 2005). The researcher does not have any experience in carrying out primary research so in order to make the research project successful, it would be inappropriate for primary research to be undergone for this dissertation, and it would make more sense for the researcher to analyse findings from previous and more experienced researchers and academic professionals.Plan for Data AnalysisAs t here is a variety of secondary information gathered, it is necessary for the researcher to analyse them carefully. This variety of sources gives a better understanding of the subject. once it has all been collected, it will be thoroughly analysed to determine its validity and reliability, and those that are not pertinent will be rejected from being used for the dissertation. It is important that validity is measured carefully as Kirk and Miller (1986, p.71) mentions that perfect validity entails perfect reliability.In order to evaluate the collected research, the researcher will read over it and make their own judgments based on a number of factors surrounding it for example, the sources in which the information was collected from and the method in which the sources were collected. When applying the frame work, the researcher will use it to assess different aspects of the dark tourism ethics to conclude by providing final results to the aim.SummaryThis methodology has evaluated and justified the choice of research design for this dissertation. As secondary research is being used, the researcher has analysed this type of research by describing the advantages and disadvantages of it. After the collected research has been evaluated, the findings will be analysed and discussed in the following section.Analysis and EvaluationThis section is essential as the researcher will be analysing and evaluating the findings of the research project. The main aspects of the results which were found in the data discussed in the literature review will be approached carefully in order to weigh up the arguments effectively.Dark tourism and ethical issuesAmong the more established dilemmas of dark tourism is ethics and morality. Dark tourism has often raised ethical debates and discussions about the ways in which leisure time and pleasure are conflate with tragedy (Kempa and Strange, 2003), as many people think some sites of dark tourism are too sensitive to present it for the worl d to see. In addition, commission of dark tourism attraction is a sensitive issue which is difficult to undertake, and Tunbridge and Ashworth (1996) observed the misuse and abuse of sacred values for market benefit and entertainment purposes are more likely to occur at atrocity site than at other heritage sites. Moreover, as Stone (2009,a) states, the rights of those whose death is commoditised or commercialized through dark tourism represent an important ethical and moral dimension, which deserves depth consideration. However, although this may be the case, it actually varies depending on the sh