Orange Telecom: a Case Analysis

Orange Telecom: A Case Analysis ORGA 433 – 460 Orange Telecom is a tremendous example of successful organizational understanding of change in a fast-paced and growing market. Utilizing the environment around them, Orange has grown into a worldwide triumph in the Telecom industry. By committing to a progressive strategy, Orange has demonstrated their ability to change and evolve to not only suit their immediate environment, but to also actively envision the future path of the industry, and capitalize on prospective trends around the world.Question 1: Using the internet and other sources, as well as the information give in the case study, summarize the elements in Orange’s temporal and external environments in terms of the influence it had on the opportunity for this new brand to succeed, 1994-2006. Orange was launched in the UK in 1994 as an answer to the growing trend towards mobile telecommunications. From the very beginning, Orange utilized a strategy of pioneering ma ny of the services to its customers that would later become the norm, industry-wide.At it’s launch, Orange was the first to offer standard customer service features such as caller id. Orange was the first company to offer aesthetically appealing masts shaped like trees which helped in customer relations. In 1999 Orange launched a branch in Switzerland which would be the first of many excursions into foreign markets. In 2000 Orange was able to use superior technology to offer Europe its first wireless video phone. These are just a few example of Orange’s strategy of providing customers with the latest in innovation.They launched at a time when Telecom services focused more on turnover than customer service. Orange decided to go in a completely unique direction by focusing primarily on customer concerns and service, being among the first to offer their customers numerous different option in every category such as prepaying phones through ATMs. In the UK, in 2003 Orange c hanged the way the mobile market operated, turning all of its 2,000 UK retail salespeople into ‘phone trainers’ and introducing them into its high street stores.It also launched the new Orange Film Funding Board adverts that took the international cinema industry by storm. The success of Orange is also strongly attributed to its ability to capitalize on external environmental trends. Being a company steeped in English and French heritage, Orange has been able to utilize a multicultural approach to business and provide nations with both French and British histories. This has opened the door for Orange to cross the language barriers that often bring to a halt the growth of many organizations.Orange has also been able to sense the common curiosity mankind has towards the future and has therefore began marketing itself, not as a company that simply provides a service, but also a company that provides answers to the future through innovation. Further, the Orange brand has be come so widely recognized in the UK and nations around the world that the company’s symbol has become synonomus with youth, innovation, and of course mobile phone service. They have strongly marketed this brand to the youth with the knowledge that brand recognition has become more important than ever in an industry with so many customer options.Finally, Orange has had a finger on the pulse of, not only technology and innovation, but of the field of study of technology. Since 2000 there has been a huge growth in the communications field of education, and Orange has capitalized on this by keeping steady observation of rising stars in the field of Mobile Telecom. Orange has utilized its temporal and external environment to become a successful telecom company. By keeping up with trends, and pioneering so many practices that have become common-place, Orange has now become an industry leader in being able to recognize environmental trends and provide answers for the future.Question 2: What type of change do you think Orange was pursuing? In terms of the concepts and ideas put forward, particularly in Chapter 2, justify your views. As an organization in an already fairly established industry Orange was attempting a transformational type of change, also developmental change seemed to be something that was pivotal in the enterprise of this organization. Since the time of its official launch in 1994, to present day, Orange has been avid in establishing itself as a more wider social ntity rather than a specifically narrowly viewed service provider in an industry with a lot of alternatives. This very separation has been the catalyst of the transformational change that took place in the telecommunication industry with the launching of Orange. This change could be also more specifically described as discontinuous change due to the fact that Orange initially originated from a parent company that was government owned. Furthermore, the strategy pivotal to Orange’ s success has been significantly divergent from previously established strategies.Discontinuous change is defined by Grundy as â€Å"change which is marked by rapid shifts in strategy, structure or culture, or in all three† (Senior & Fleming, p. 46). The type of change that was pursued by Orange is developmental change. The parent company responsible for the establishment of Orange was France Telecom, which at one time was the monopolistic organization providing postal and telephone services in France. This fact is indicative of an executive team that was very experienced in traditional telecommunications establishments and industry nuances.However, rather than simply carry over that deeply rooted experience in a fashion of an identical duplicate, the executives of the newly formed Orange took a developmental approach and built upon well established concepts in order to achieve new heights in this competitive industry. By building new concepts and ideas unto a solid foundatio n of industry experience the Orange company was able to outdistance its competition fairly quickly and become an industry giant in a relatively short time-span.If one examines the wide history behind the formation of Orange, this type of change is clearly evident and is transformational in its implications. From the very onset the organization aggressively pursued a marketing campaign that separated them from being viewed as simply another service provider or manufacturer, or a symbiosis of both. The company steadily became an abstract social entity that related to customers on a deeper level then a simple service provider and therefore revolutionized the way it connected with its client base.In the industry plagued by deprived customer service Orange established itself as a beacon of exceptional customer service has been increasing its customer participation in leaps and bounds, which in turn made it the global entity it is today. Question 3: How far do you think the changes made h ave been appropriate to the environments in which Orange was operating? The changes that Orange has made are very appropriate for the environment (market) in which they operate. First, the most basic change they have made is distinguishing themselves as a provider of customer service, not as manufacturer and provider as a particular product.This avoided labelling as just another network provider, and definitely differentiated their firm from the other carriers in the markets where they operate. They operate on a looking forward basis, looking to increase the possibility of communication concentrating on the service and relationship with customers not just the individual transactions. Another change that was made was to have a name that couldn’t be cut out at a mobile services provider; unlike Rogers Wireless, T-Mobile.. etc the changes they made to the way they are branded themselves effectively.They chose a name that was abstract and unrelated to the telephone industry which was unconventional in that it showed a divergence from industry standards which has paid off for them. An abstract name that is not consciously tied to only one part of a person’s life gives the feeling of an all-encompassing service or entity in that person’s mind. This is appropriate given that Orange is aiming to enrich the customer’s life via their communication possibilities in an industry that is mainly transaction based and not geared towards customer service.Customer service changes they made were significant, being the first to provide â€Å"billing by the second† definitely would have put them in a category of their own at a time when other companies where billing by the minute. This change is consistent with their vision of embodying the future rather than just selling cell phones and products. Overall Orange has had great success by making changes to the way mobile telecommunication companies do business and are seen by consumers.Their brandi ng before and after their launch has reflected this as well, and considering their target market (the future) ,young people who use their mobile phones for more than emergency calls, their changes are very appropriate. After all it is the younger generations who will be more dependent on mobile communications as time passes accepting more services into their everyday life moving forward into the future†¦. and unlike the rest of the industry Orange has branded itself as the future which is very fitting. References Senior, B. & Fleming, J. (2006). Organizational Change (3rd ed. ). Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.

The Princess Bride

The Princess Bride is a 1987 American film, based on the 1973 novel of the same name written by William Goldman, combining comedy, adventure, romance, and fantasy. The film was directed by Rob Reiner from a screenplay by Goldman also the book’s author. The story is presented in the movie as a book being read by a grandfather to his sick grandson, this technique effectively keeping intact this novel's narrative style. This movie is number 88 on The American Film Institute's (AFI) â€Å"AFI's 100 Years†¦ 100 Passions† listing the 100 greatest film love stories of all time. As said the movie’s novel like feels it done by a grandfather reading a book to his grandson, who would rather be playing his video game, then to listen to a story about love. The story takes place in a fictional world of Florin is about a beautiful woman named Buttercup who orders around a farm boy until the day when she realizes, that she loves him. She wants to live happily ever after with him, but then evil forces intervene. Buttercup learns that her one true love Westley her farm boy was killed. Five years later we find Buttercup ready to marry the Evil prince Humperdinck. She is kidnapped by a trio of bandits, who want to start war between Gilda and Florin. The trio is tallied by the Dread Pirate Roberts. Who is there to save the princess, who is this heroic man in black? This movie is witty and sassy without going too far over the top. Reiner manages a task of creating a movie that at the same time parodies a genre while also celebrating and participating in it. Despite the irony and the fantastic setting we come to care about the individuals even the trio of bandits. The instant the princess is kidnapped by agents of the evil Prince Humperdinck reveals itself as a spoof of sword and sorcery movies, yet the film somehow manages to appeal to all viewers. While the younger viewers will sit fascinated by the thrilling action scenes like the sword fight, and the adults, will be laughing with movie at one scene after another. This film is funny not only because they contain comedy, but because Reiner does justice to the underlying form of his story. And those who search films that can be enjoyed by all members of their family this movie is it. All of them will enjoy it family members ranging from grammar school kid, to teenagers, ,mom and dad, and even grandma and grandpa will have a few laughs. There may be nothing better than this motion picture, which celebrates fairy tales and true love. , The Princess Bride can still be enjoyed on the simple level of the story of a princess being rescued by her one true love. The average family film is targeted mainly at children, with a few elements thrown in to go over the young children’s heads that appeal to their parents. The crafting of The Princess Bride, however, is far finer. Nearly every aspect of the film delights all possible viewers. For example the sword fight between Inigo and Westly, offers equal thrills to the viewers of all ages even though the verbal banter that accompanies the struggle will resonate more with the older viewers. The choice of actors is only another plus for this movie for this already great movie , Robin Wright and Cary Elwes were selected as much for their good looks as for their acting ability, and they prove that. They have great chemistry that just beams off the screen. Wright, despite being California bred, delivers a perfect British accent. Elwes is equally at home with this comedic, action, and drama role. Mandy Patankin, playing Inigo, matches Elwes' athleticism and develops a character that is instantly sympathetic regardless of originally being a â€Å"bad guy†. Andre the Giant represents the mighty Fezzik as a lovable giant, and Wallace Shawn is hilarious as the narcissistic Vizzini, whose end is inconceivable. Chris Sarandon takes Humperdinck's arrogance to amazing levels. Since the release from over 20 years ago, The Princess Bride has often been copied, but never equaled. Perhaps the most successful movie to capture its spirit was the animated Shrek. The Princess Bride is an unparalleled achievement – a modern classic that will be enjoyed for generations to come. All in all the movie is a brilliant with the acting and comic wit is what makes the movie great. All though the movie is over twenty years old with makes the special effects nothing special. This movie has heart that is scene between Westly and his one true love Buttercup. All of the aspects add up to make one hreafelt comedy that will have you repeating lines in no time. This movie gets an inconceivable 4. 5 out of five stars.

Ethan Frome and Age of Innonce Essay Essay

Edith Warthon was born in New York City into a very wealthy family. She was forced into a loveless marriage and eventually fell in love with another man. Her life closely resembles the two books she wrote–Age of Innocence and Ethan Frome. Age of Innocence was a novel by Edith Warthon that was turned into a movie. Newland was about to marry May when May’s cousin Ellen came from Europe to New York. Newland found himself wanting to be with Ellen rather than May. Ethan Frome was very similar to Age of Innocence and was the story of a poor man, his wife, and her cousin who find themselves in a love conflict. Ethan was married to Zeena, his very ill wife. In order for Ethan to continue to work, Zeena’s cousin, Mattie, came to take care of her. Ethan instantly fell for the young, charming, and beautiful Mattie. The film and the novel share similarities in the representation of symbolism and jealousy in the main characters yet differ in how their love affairs were resolved. Both Age of Innocence and Ethan Frome shared similar symbolism. To start with, in Age of Innocence, Newland and May attend an opera. In this opera the man kissed the brown string on the women’s dress as he walked away from her. He needed to leave her because they should not be together, just like Newland and Ellen should not be together because he was engaged to her cousin. This compared to the part in Ethan Frome, when Mattie knitted the brown stuff and Ethan kissed it. Mattie pulled the brown stuff away from Ethan before long. This symbolized the fact that Ethan needed to leave her because he was married to Zeena for seven years. These parts are related because they both symbolize a love that needed to be forgotten, a love that needed to be left in the past. Secondly, Newland and Ethan are very similar. In Age of Innocence, Newland encouraged Ellen to stay in New York and not go back to her husband. Although Newland was engaged to be married he wanted her to himself. He did everything he could to get her to stay away from her ex-husband. Her ex-husband begged and pleaded for her to come back and Newland got jealous and convinced her to stay. In Ethan Frome, Zeena mentioned that Mattie would soon leave and would maybe wed Dennis Eady. Ethan soon became furious and said she would never marry him and she would never leave Zeena when she needed her–or more importantly him. Dennis Eady! If that’s all, I guess, there’s no such hurry to look around for a girl† (Wharton, 34). Later, Ethan saw that Mattie danced with Dennis Eady. He got jealous and could not go into the room and get her so he hid. Newland and Ethan both wanted something they knew was not really theirs and did not want them to be with anyone else. Although Newland and Ethan were very similar, they were also very different. Each fell in love with his wife’s cousin, but Newland knew his responsibilities; he knew he had to stay with his wife, and that was what Ethan did not know. In Age of Innocence, when Ellen found out that May was pregnant, she left for London. She knew she could no longer interfere with their relationship. Newland was going to follow her but when he found out he was going to have a child with May Newland knew he needed to stay with her. And that was where Newland and Ethan differ. In Ethan Frome, Ethan was going to stay with Zeena and let Mattie leave but when she was about to leave he decided he was going to be the one to drive Mattie to the train station. On the way, they took a trip down memory lane and revisited many spots where they fell for each other. Then they stopped to sled and Mattie and Ethan agreed to kill themselves and escape Zeena. Newland knew that he needed to stay and be with May even though he may have been happier with Ellen. Ethan only thought about himself when he tried to kill himself and that’s where they differ. Newland’s and Ethan’s lives could have been better if they had left their wives and followed the person they were in love with. If May had never gotten pregnant then he could have gone to Europe and followed Ellen. Newland would have been happier with having a family with Ellen rather than May. If Ethan had left Zeena and went west with Mattie he could have been so much happier. He would not have to pay to care for Zeena. Also, he would have been with someone he actually wanted to marry, not someone whom he married just to avoid being lonely in the winter after his mom died. All in all, Age of Innocence and Ethan Frome are very similar but still different. They are similar because of the symbolism used. Also, Newland and Ethan are very similar because of whom they fell in love with. However, they differ due to the way Newland and Ethan handled the situation of being in love with their wife’s cousin.

Evolutionary Theories of Aging and Longevity Research Paper

Evolutionary Theories of Aging and Longevity - Research Paper Example This paper analyses some of the major evolutionary theories with respect to aging and longevity. Mutation accumulation theory was formulated by Sir Peter Medawar, a noted British professor of zoology and anatomy at the University of London who won the Nobel Prize in medicine (1960) for his work on acquired immunological tolerances† (Mutation Accumulation Theory of Aging). According to mutation accumulation theory; Aging is an inevitable result of the declining force of natural selection with age. For example, a mutant gene that kills young children will be strongly selected against (will not be passed to the next generation) while a lethal mutation with effects confined to people over the age of 80 will experience no selection because people with this mutation will have already passed it to their offspring by that age. Over successive generations, late-acting deleterious mutations will accumulate, leading to an increase in mortality rates late in life (Gavrilov and Gavrilova, p .341). Mutation accumulation theory argues that the negative effects or adverse events originated at the time of evolution may decline as time goes on. In other words, living things acquire more and more abilities to counter the adverse effects of evolution since the transfer of genes which causing adverse events may decline as reproduction goes on. For example, the epidemic diseases in the past are no more a threat to the current generation. This is because of the reduction in the transfer rate of genes responsible for such epidemic diseases to the upcoming generation from the generations in the past. Mutation accumulation theory believes that aging is caused by defective genes which may become hyperactive during the later stages of life. For example, genetic diseases such as Huntington’s chorea may appear in the life of a person only at the final stages of his life. It should be noted that the genes which are causing this disease was present in the body of that person even at the time of his birth. However, such genes may not be active during early parts of his life and aging is the process which helps the activities of such genes. Antagonistic pleiotropy theory was formualted by George C Williams in 1957. Pleiotropic According to Antagonistic pleiotropy theory, â€Å"Late-acting deleterious genes may even be favoured by selection and be actively accumulated in populations if they have any beneficial effects early in life†(Gavrilov and Gavrilova, p.341). In normal circumstances, each gene may have only a single trait. However, in certain circumstances, it may have more than one trait which usually refers as pleiotropy. Antagonistic pleiotropy theory believes that the same gene which is responsible for increased reproduction during the early parts of one’s life may cause aging during the later parts of his life. For example females loss fertility during later parts of their life even though they may have high rate of fertility during the early parts of their life. It should be noted that the same gene is responsible for both fertility and non-fertility. The postulates of mutation accumulation theory and that of the Antagonistic pleiotropy theory are almost similar even though some differences are there. Antagonistic pleiotropy theory argues that the defective genes are kept in the gene pool whereas mutation accumulation theory point out that the defective genes will be accumulated as time goes on. If aging is a side effect of genes that have a

What issues of discrimination regarding Women in America since the Essay

What issues of discrimination regarding Women in America since the 1920's have been successfully resolved -- and which issues have not yet been resolved - Essay Example This has seen the inclusion of women in politics, educational and economic settings among many other clusters in society. Discrimination and the fact that it was a global scenario affected all women all over the world. In the American setting, in the 1920’s, women faced discrimination as a result of the innate capacities that patriarchal societies had imposed on them. In this era, women were to run home affairs and nothing more. It became worse for women who had other vulnerabilities. African American women, those disabled or from â€Å"inferior races† among other clusters faced severe discrimination as compared to their accepted counterparts. This paper aims to dissect all aspects of discrimination in the American society since the 1920’s that have been successfully resolved. It will also discuss those aspects that have not been actively dealt with in the society. This is with the view of ensuring that there is room for advocacy and agitation with the view of ac hieving a global society free from discrimination against women. One issue that has been successfully resolved is the opportunities given to women in political participation. Women are today given equal opportunities as men in politics. Women are allowed to vote for their preferred candidates to hold various political offices. Women are also allowed to contest for elective political posts. They compete equally with men for such positions. Even after achieving the right to vote, very few women were elected to hold political positions. Currently, women are being allowed to hold powerful and influential leadership positions. During those days, women were barely allowed to hold any positions. In the past, women’s roles were only confined to traditional roles such as working as teachers, domestic workers, nurses, secretary workers among other roles associated with women. Today, many women hold powerful leadership positions such as CEOs, secretaries of state and managers among others (Gregory

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Microeconomics - Essay Example The fixed costs of the company include web hosting, maintenance of servers and other information technology, and payroll expenses to its writers. The company incurs in monthly marketing expenses in order to increase its web audience. Along with the writers the company has other labor overhead expenses it must pay to the administrators of the company. Due to the vast amount of users which ranks in the millions of monthly customer providing the service to one additional person does not cost the company anything. In order for marginal cost to manifest the company would have to evaluate an additional unit (person) in terms of clusters of tens of thousands of users. Utilizing such a metric would allow a cost to be determined based on the added cost of extra web hosting space. The website utilizes online advertising offerings such as web banners and web links. When you make a search for a topic at the bottom of the article a web search portal will appear at the bottom with different related words. This search engine option represents an advertising revenue stream for the company. The website is not over flooded with ads and the ones that placed are located to the right hand side, at top and at the bottom so that the ads do not interfere with the reading content. Entrepreneurs supply goods to the marketplace in order to make a profit from the sale of that good. They may also supply the good free of charge as promotional campaign in order to build brand value for the company. A good can supply a good in the marketplace in order to test the product. In the case of About.com which works provides information services their incentive to provide such a product is based on building a large online community pool which creates value for the company in terms of advertising revenue. The company can sell online ads in its website because the 57 million monthly unique visitors is a large crowd advertisers want to

2 comprehensive papers topics are listed below Essay

2 comprehensive papers topics are listed below - Essay Example Unfortunately, there is an existing mind-set that educational research is not applicable to â€Å"real world† education, nor to teaching. However, as research is successfully applied in more and more educational settings, administrators and policy makers increase their appreciation for, and use of, research. To that end, teacher preparation programs, curriculum policies and teaching methods are now being consistently evaluated and modified through research. Although it is clear that research should and must be incorporated into teacher preparation, determining which type of research approach most appropriate and most beneficial for education is one of the major debates in the educational arena. Creswell (2002) argues that it is vital that the research methodology be chosen based upon the characteristics of the study, rather than any preconceived preferences by the researcher. Patton (1986) proposed that the purpose of the study should be the driving force in any research evaluation and therefore, be the primary factor considered by the researcher. Keeping both of these philosophies in mind, the researcher should then choose the research method based on the purpose of the study and the characteristics of the study. If this is not done, the research outcome will not yield the adequate data to support or refute what the researcher is trying to prove (Duignan, 2001). Further, the result of educational research becomes more valid and clear when the right type of research methodology is used (Creswell, 2002; Duignan, 2001; Patton, 1986) When the purpose of study has been established, the researcher must determine the appropriate research methodology for the study (Duignan, 2001). To best select the most appropriate research methodology, researchers need to understand the three widely-used methodologies: quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. In this paper, the three research approaches will be

Feliz Navidad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feliz Navidad - Essay Example The performance consists of simple singing or chanting of religious songs and all the homes are set up as a "Nativity scene" where the home owners pose as inn keepers. The interesting part is that the procession carries candles and statues of Jesus and Mary as the re-enactors ask for lodging at three houses and only the third house lets them inside in accordance with the Christmas story. The guests then enter the chosen house and sing traditional Christmas and religious songs for the Virgin Mary which concludes into a famous piata party for the children. Of course the ever famous Piata (which originates from Italian tradition) is the main object of interest for the children at these parties .This is a clay pot decorated with paper, and is filled with hard candy, peanuts sugar cane and fruit. The children are blindfolded and take turns at hitting it with a stick until it breaks so they can all have the sweet treats inside. The traditional Christmas piata is shaped like a star and has seven peaks, which symbolizes the seven deadly sins. The stick with which it is broken is a symbol of faith and therefore the destruction of the Piata is a symbol of the destruction of these deadly sins with faith. The Mexicans also have a very unique tradition of exchanging presents at New Years Eve rather than on Christmas .This gift exchanging is known as Misa de Gallo (Rooster's Mass). Some families might even wait as late as the Wise Mens Day which is on January the 6th to exchange gifts because on this day the Magi brought gifts to the baby Jesus. Instead of stockings (like in the American culture) the children traditionally place their shoes near the window so the Magi can fill the shoes with gifts .The children also look forward to the Merienda, ( a tea time with hot chocolate) and La Meridenda, (an festive dinner) in celebration of this day. This is a two week national holiday for the Mexicans .The US influence is ever present as in the recent decades there has been an adaptation of Santa Claus and many other American traditions. However the strong and unique Mexican culture continues to dominate these very family oriented traditions. The Holiday festivities end on the Noche Buena (Christmas Eve) with the celebration of a late-night Misa de Gallo (Rooster's Mass).This is followed by a festive dinner of traditional cuisines and sweet meats. The Christmas celebration hardly ends there as on December 28, Day of the Holy Innocents there is a commemoration of King Herod's attempt to slaughter all the new born male infants including baby Jesus. The Mexicans add a comic twist to the day as they play pranks on each other just like the April fool's day. The Christmas season continues merrily into the Three Kings Day which symbolises the arrival in Bethlehem of The Wise Men bringing gifts for baby Jesus. Reyes Magos is the Mexican version of the Santa Claus and on every January the 6th the native Mexican children hope to receive toys and gifts from this mythical figure. The Mexicans with their merry culture and strong family ties make the Christmas festivities a treat for the eyes and the soul. The final Candlemas is on February the 2nd officially marking the end of

Dilemma in Field Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dilemma in Field Work - Essay Example If Cash accepts, Jordan should try and collect the required data from the area Cash was assigned and try to compare them with the Cash’s computed data. If the date comparison seems to be correct, Cash should steal be reported to the head of the department to be fired from the project. Citing article 2b of the Principles of Professional Responsibility; that is, given that the project was to have direct public application policy formulation, Cash had neglected his duty to the project as well as to the public. Article 2b states that â€Å"an anthropologist should not knowingly falsify or color his findings"(Cassell & Jacobs, pp. 34). If Cash is not fired because of the similarity on the data collected by him and those collected by Jordan, Jordan should develop arrange for database verification in Cash’s region. Two students should be hired who will interview all information reported by Cash. These interviews results will be stored in a separate file until the completion of the projects field portion. At the analysis time, the data collected by Cash will be compared to that collected by the students in the same region. If there would be a difference in the two data, this will be an indication of falsified data by Cash. The student’s data will be used to replace Cash’s one and he would be requested to return all the payment made to him which he won’t reject as there is enough evidence to support that. Once the situation had developed, Smith had little recourses. The direct argument with the adviser was not the best option. Chances were high that he may just laugh at Smith knowing that there was no proof to support that. The adviser is one of the staffs in the university, getting of support for Smith from the department could be tough. This is because this will portray the department as having being involved in plagiarism.  

Structures of International Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Structures of International Governance - Essay Example Globalisation is simply spreading of particular philosophies, ideas, technology and governance all over the world. All countries become one unit and they are all governed by the same set of rules. The concept of international governance came in to fight poverty, war among countries, environmental degradation and to set up equal opportunities for everyone in all countries. The call to fight particular deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer has made many countries to come together to ensure that a cure is established to save lives. One of the major works of international governance is in the protection of the environment and its resources. The pollution rates have become very rampant and they are now posing as a risk to human life thus there has been a great need for all countries to form regulations as to how they are going to prevent further pollution and preserve the environment and resources for the future generation. For this reason many organisations have been set up to see if the countries are implementing some of the rules and regulations of conserving the environment. For instance the United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Environmental Organisation (WEO) are organisations set to ensure that the respective countries that sign the treaty to preserve the environment are implementing the changes. Such organisations are entitled in doing research to tell which countries have succeeded in implementing the changes, the shortcomings of the implementations and where the strategies are proving to be difficult. From such researches they are able to see if the implementation is worthwhile or not. Moreover, the organisations can assist countries that have problems in implementing the changes by lending them money to fund the projects by buying the respective machines and educating its general public on environmental issues (Barbara, 2002). When countries come together to set environmental laws, they put the interest of the people first. The

Business Models and Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Models and Planning - Assignment Example In addition, development in e-business and its associated effects that caused transitions in business models identified periodic challenged in existing business models and established the need for improved models. Efficiency and effectiveness needs towards optimal profitability in e-business models facilitated this. the e-business revolution was therefore important because it identified needs transition in business models.1 Strategy and structure are supplementary elements in implementation of business models to achieve objectives. While strategy forms the basis of a model through development of objectives, structure establishes a framework though which the strategic objectives can be achieved through a business model. Dell’s strategy of direct sales is an example. Based on the strategy, the company develops its model around information technology and formulates its structure to focus on the technology-based strategy. Consequently and from a business model persoective, strategy and structure have a suplimentary relation in which structure facilitate success of a

Preservation vs Conservation Essay Example for Free

Preservation vs Conservation Essay John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and Aldo Leopold are three influential figures responsible for shaping the foundations of the ideologies of the modern environmental movements. However, although Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold represented the grave environmental concern, they also represented the rift between preservationists and conservationists. This ideological divide among environmental groups arose from widely-differing assumptions, beliefs, and attitudes on how nature and the environment should be seen in the one hand, and how human role in relation to nature and the environment should be defined. Thus, despite the fact that Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold were among the most important environmentalists of their time, irreconcilable ideological differences kept them from successfully working together for environmental causes and initiatives. In â€Å"The Mountains of California,† John Muir provides a detailed description of the mountainous features of the Sierra Nevada and natural formations in the Yosemite Valley, including the animals and plants that are found in these habitats. Muir informs the readers not only of his impressions of the play of light on the slopes of the mountains but also describes his awe of the beauty of nature found in the California mountain range. In this sense, Muir advances the idea that human beings should not be allowed to destroy the things created by nature. Along this line, Muir suggests that wildlife and other things in nature should not be subject to human activities that aim to make a profit out of natural resources. Meanwhile, Aldo Leopold uses the descriptions of his encounters and experiences with nature in â€Å"A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There† to illustrate the fact that modernization and industrial development has alienated human beings from the biotic community. He further argues that human intervention and activities in the aim of making nature more profitable or less hostile to human beings, such as killing deadly predators, have managed to offset the natural balances which have had catastrophic results for animal and plant life in many habitats. Leopold therefore advocates for human beings to establish a harmonious relationship with nature based on the â€Å"land ethic,† which emphasizes the human obligation to preserve the dignity of the earth and everything found in it and not to do anything that would degrade and harm the natural environment. In an essay excerpt from his work â€Å"The Fight for Conservation,† Gifford Pinchot states his concern about the impact of environmental devastation on business activities and human life and argues for greater state intervention in managing natural resources to ensure sustainable use and to deter unscrupulous exploitation of these resources. In essence, Gifford advocates for a reform not only in how modern American society viewed its natural resources to be inexhaustibe but also for a concrete reform in natural resource policy to implement measures to manage forests and other resources. Hence, Gifford argues for the implementation of management programs in the aim of averting future natural resource depletion crises that would have adverse effects on the national economy and private enterprise. Gifford’s framework for his advocacy was based on the premise that the imports of raw materials were often costly and therefore unpractical for many businesses, which made state management of resource materials more cost-efficient and cost-effective. It is clear from these selections that all three authors were against the wanton expoitation of natural resources. Likewise, Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold acknowledged the role of human activities in the degradation of the environment. For instance, Muir’s descriptive essay of Sierra Nevada and its surroundings is very much similar to Leopold’s musings on the diversity found in nature and how human beings should work to preserve the integrity of their natural environment. In the same manner, all three authors called attention to increasing environmental problems wrought about by the reckless use and abuse of ecological resources such as forests and grasslands. However, a deeper look at the writings of Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold’s present the distinctive ideas and assumptions that inform the arguments and positions of the three authors. It is in these details that the critical reader ultimately sees the clash in the preservationist and conservationist stance of the three authors. For instance, Pinchot’s conservationist perspective is emphasized by his focus on the management of resources to maximize the benefit to humans, based on the assumption that nature and the things or beings found in nature existed for human use. Likewise, most of Pinchot’s arguments are premised on the idea that human beings are the center and the goal of conserving nature and its bounty. In contrast, Muir’s preservationist belief is characterized by the view that nature and wildlife should be kept in the same state of being pristine and untrammelled by humans. Similar to Muir’s perspective, Leopold suggests that humans should see themselves as part of the biotic community instead of seeing themselves as the center of all creations. The writings of both authors are influenced by the basic assumption that nature and wildlife, as living beings, have innate rights and accordingy, humans have the obligation to ensure that these rights are enjoyed or protected. Thus, the basic and most significant difference between the preservationist and conservationist camp stemmed from the belief and attitude towards nature wherein the former believed that nature should be protected for nature’s sake, while the latter espoused the protection or management or nature for human being’s sake. The three author’s basic arguments and underlying assumtions are further revealed in their narratives. Both Muir and Leopold clearly write from the perspective of someone who has experienced a close connection with nature. This is evident in the ability of these authors to describe the scenes of nature and the wildlife found in it down to the minute details, to recall their most personal feelings in their encounters of the beauty and wonder of nature, and in their reflections and thoughts about these encounters. Pinchot, on the other hand, writes in a manner that is devoid of any sentimentality about the intrinsic characteristics of nature but calls forth self-serving human interests for continued survival and societal development to argue for natural resource management. Clearly, the three authors represent the major strains of thought in environmental preservation and conservation. Muir, with his emphasis on the total preservation of nature and wildife and his insistence on distancing human life from the works of nature, represents the ecological rights perspective in environmental preservation. In the same manner, Leopold’s argument about seeing the bigger picture in terms of wildlife and nature preservation encapsulates the basic premise of the ecosystem approach in natural resource management. Meanwhile, Pinchot’s focus on the conservation of nature through efficient use and the maximization of available resources is at the heart of sustainable resource management approaches. Therefore, it is not surprising that despite being contemporaries as significant environmental theorists and activitists of their time, Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold were kept apart by basic differences in their assumptions and viewpoints. This is because the basic assumptions that underlined their beliefs in either preservation or conservation not only determined their stance on the environment but also addressed the crucial question of how nature should be used—or if it should be used at all—for continued human development. References: Leopold, Aldo. (2008). Excerpt from ‘A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There. ’ In Environmental Studies, 2nd Edition (pp. 10-12). United States: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Muir, John. (2008). Excerpt from ‘The Mountains of California. In Environmental Studies, 2nd Edition (pp. 5-7). United States: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pinchot, Gifford. (2008). Excerpt from ‘The Fight for Conservation. ’ In Environmental Studies, 2nd Edition (pp. 8-9). United States: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Innovation in E-commerce: Operation and Logistics

Innovation in E-commerce: Operation and Logistics Innovation in E-commerce with New Trial Service Rohit Meena Introduction An e-commerce is the facility or service, which provide customers the service to buy products online on the Internet. Today In India and other countries e-commerce is being used for getting products online easier and faster. In the 21th century e-commerce comes with the new revolutionary concept-people can get their products online from many brands. Purchasing and selling of products has become very easier due to e-commerce. Communication from one seller to other seller provides different product and varieties in the market. One of the biggest challenges faced by the e-commerce industry is that most of the people are often unsure of their sizes and how their online purchase clothes will fit in real life. I’m trying to solve this problem by providing actual physical trial service for people trying to buy apparel online. This service helps customers to make purchasing decisions. Many people can get confused about their sizes or color choice and they prefer to buy products in the store. Trial Concept is a strategy of marketing which increases consumer satisfaction for online shopping. When consumer orders their product from the online site and gets size problem or other product visualization problem, this type of problem decreases the online sales because people do not want to buy again those stuff which comes with size problems. Trial Concept will make high demand in the market because it comes with the market demand calculation according to the trial demand. Basically, it will also help to consumer for getting their product to be available in the store. High demand of products in the market creates unavailability of products. Product quality and sizing problems will be solved by the trial option. In the future this feature will increase retail sales. The trial system will encourage people who have never shopped online before to try out online shopping by removing the restriction of size and fit confusion. Secondary Literature In the 21th Century People more and more are shopping online. Studies have shown that e-commerce sales grew 15 percent in 2012, which is several times more than average retail industrys spending growth. 80 percent of the sales in this industry are still taking place within the four walls. Even though a majority of apparel shoppers visit the retailers website, research the product online, or read reviews before making purchase, only a few actually buy the product online. Most people who do buy clothes online are likely to buy an item only after they have already tried it on in a store or seen someone else wear it before. This is especially true among women. Not knowing the quality of the product and having to wait for the product to arrive may affect the shoppers decision to buy clothes online, but the biggest problem I see preventing a shopper from buying clothes online is not being able to visualize how the product will look on her/him body. If the retailers can address this issue, the concerns like the quality of the product and the shipping time can easily be fixed. I agree that people want to feel, see, and try the product before they buy; and e-commerce sites can not provide that real experience of touching the product, but with improved technology and larger, better quality pictures, shoppers can get a pretty good idea of the quality. Plus the free shipping and free returns already being offered by many e-commerce retailers will give shoppers the option to experience the products without leaving their house. Retailers could not be able to solve fit issues on the Internet. Fit issues are the main reasons of customers that create d o not feel excited about buying clothes online. E-commerce retailers can attract people if they can address their practical issues that are keeping many probable customers from shopping for clothes. Advanced digital technologies like the virtual fitting room software that provide the shopper better fit experience than the two dimensional pictures. But not every retailer can afford those expensive technology and not every shopper is willing to spend the time it takes for them to upload the picture (or whatever else is required to let the software know their bodys dimensions or size) and drag/select each product they want to try on and wait for the results. It is easier and time saving for the shopper to just clicks the size she/he wants to see on picture and get done. It may not give her/him the enhanced experience of three-dimensional virtual fitting, but it will give her/him a pretty good idea of how she/he can expect to look on those products. But a virtual fitting room is the lack of uniformity in apparel sizing. It is the biggest problem of the apparel industry right now. Each manufacturer has its own sizing standard. And, within each manufacturer, there are size variation d epending on the fabric, style, and so many other factors. It is simply impossible for those software to accommodate all manufacturers sizing standards, which means majority of new and smaller brands can not be represented. To conclude, with help of general sizing guides posted by the retailers on their e-commerce site, the shopper may know what size of any particular item she/he should buy; but she/he can not visualize the product on her/him body if the model is not representative of her/him size. Fabrics behave differently depending on how they are woven, knitted, treated and finished. That means the products stretch ability; molding and yielding property varies depending on many factors. The same shirt can look totally different on women or men of different sizes. Women or men want to see if the product is going to fir or not. Therefore, many people prefer to try the item on their body before they buy it. Working of the concept The process of trial service includes all shops of specific brand. This trial feature distributes the goods from one place to other place according to the consumer demand or request when a consumer browses his/her product online. It will work faster compare to taking trial or finding shops of product. Trial service modifies the design of transportation for better service. When consumer rejects their product on the store, the retailer will sell the product; but in many situations consumers demand are different so trial service has to connect with all stores or warehouses. Cost factor for the transfer of goods matter a lot for the product cost. I am not sure that this idea will be accepted by every industry because many times it will not be possible to deliver every goods on the location, but my concept connects store to store. If consumer bought some product and he won’t be able to get this product within the deliver time, my service will deliver goods to the nearest the store. Consumers time will be saved by this feature: the consumer will get his/her product from the nearest store. Explanation of the concept Trial Concept clears many issues for the online shopping. Some times retailers complain that customers come in their shop for only trying clothes and retailers cannot charge for trying clothes in their shops so the idea of trial shopping solved the retailer’s problem. My concept for the online shopping related to customer satisfaction secures more online shopping. This idea will work with the official site of brands and chains. Users can easily go online and shop for items. If people want to see or check that product will fit or not, trial option works as a feature. This option takes four sizes and color of the product or consumer can order multiple choices at the one time but the multiple choice products will be limited. A consumer will be able to give five products for the trial at the one time. Some time retailers may not have stock all collection in the store so consumer faces problem for their choice product so the trial option will only provide the product available in t he store. If consumer wants that product to get home delivered because at the trial time consumer wasn’t able to purchase that product, he can do so. Consumer will get only one-day time period for the trial and trial-purchase. Trial date and time will be sent by the customer care department to customers cell or email. Basically this idea gives opportunity to customer if he/she is not getting product on store in some areas. Communication of the one store to other store from the storage warehouse makes transfer of goods easier but the trial facility create some changes in the transfer of goods because suppose in one area there are two-three shops which do not have stock of high demand goods. Trial system will calculate the product demand from the consumers according to the same product’s trial demand. So the trial system will help to the company for the area’s product demand. Example: in Lucknow, winter season is going on so people definitely buy cold clothes in t he winter weather. If there are five shops of Tommy Hilfiger in the city and they have limited stock of sweaters. But the city people demand of Tommy products is high so the trial system will calculate the demand and provide stocks to these city shops. Trial system maintains the transportation cost because every week stores get their products from the warehouse anyway, so the trial will send by the warehouse. Conclusion E-commerce platform has increased every year with new techniques of customer service. It’s necessary to catch consumer attraction for online shopping. In this competitive market every company should provide the latest techniques for high sales growth. The supply chain system should cover high demand or supply facility in minimum time. Customer survey for e-commerce can show that how online shopping can recover the unsatisfied customer with the newer services. Online issues related to payment, product specification, unavailability of the product, etc. create many unsatisfied customers. Trial service will be able to get more satisfaction and give advantage to online shoppers with regard to ordering high price products with the secure belief.

Properties Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

Properties Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program, and distributed programming is the process of writing such programs. Distributed computing also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational problems. In distributed computing, a problem is divided into many tasks, each of which is solved by one computer The word distributed in terms such as distributed system, distributed programming, and distributed algorithm originally referred to computer networks where individual computers were physically distributed within some geographical area. The terms are nowadays used in a much wider sense, even referring to autonomous processes that run on the same physical computer and interact with each other by message passing. While there is no single definition of a distributed system, the following defining properties are commonly used: There are several autonomous computational entities, each of which has its own local memory. The entities communicate with each other by message passing. A distributed system may have a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem. Alternatively, each computer may have its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication services to the users. Other typical properties of distributed systems include: The system has to tolerate failures in individual computers. The structure of the system (network topology, network latency, number of computers) is not known in advance, the system may consist of different kinds of computers and network links, and the system may change during the execution of a distributed program. Each computer has only a limited, incomplete view of the system. Each computer may know only one part of the input. PROPERTIES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS So far the focus has been on designing a distributed system that solves a given problem. A complementary research problem is studying the properties of a given distributed system. The halting problem is an analogous example from the field of centralised computation: we are given a computer program and the task is to decide whether it halts or runs forever. The halting problem is undecidable in the general case, and naturally understanding the behaviour of a computer network is at least as hard as understanding the behaviour of one computer. However, there are many interesting special cases that are decidable. In particular, it is possible to reason about the behaviour of a network of finite-state machines. One example is telling whether a given network of interacting (asynchronous and non-deterministic) finite-state machines can reach a deadlock. This problem is PSPACE-complete,[39] i.e., it is decidable, but it is not likely that there is an efficient (centralised, parallel or distributed) algorithm that solves the problem in the case of large networks. SECURITY ISSUES IN ADAPTIVE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS In the contemporary society, distributed systems have a significant impact on how communication between social, industrial and governmental institutions is achieved. Dealing with the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamics of distributed systems is absolutely among the main concerns of the software industry. In the Internet era, the distribution of information and services on different sites is a common and dominant scenario. Hence, accessing information and services on remote sites requires high-level of system quality: acceptable response time (at least à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"near real-timeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ); and security mechanisms. These aspects require inherent adaptation of the system to changes in the environment. In the case of ADSs, the challenge to maintain system quality is even greater. In general, security issues in distributed information systems, whether adaptive or not, is already a serious concern. There are many types of threats, among them those occurring during communication and those in the form of unauthorized attempts to access stored information. Solutions proposed to address these problems in distributed systems may contribute to the implementation of security mechanisms in ADSs. On the other hand, if a token ring is used to achieve mutual exclusion in data communication, then a loss of token might be a result of unauthorized monitoring of the token, which is a direct consequence of the distributed system being adaptive and having monitoring component. Moreover, data resubmission might be requested by authorized parties that couldnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t receive the data. Such a request might also come from malicious intruders that are requesting resubmission of data to get a copy. The kind of environmental changes that can be monitored in ADSs include, but are not limited to, processor and link failures, changes in communication patterns and frequency, changes in failure rates, and changed application requirements. Security metrics indicate the degree to which security goals such as data confidentiality are being met, they propose actions that should be taken to improve the overall security program, and identify the level of risks in not taking a given action and hence provide guidance in prioritizing the actions. They also indicate the effectiveness of various components of a security program. Developing effective security metrics programs has proven to be very challenging. A number of factors have contributed to this collecting the necessary data is difficult and there are no well-established and standardized guidelines. Swanson et al. (2003) identified elements that must be considered in defining effective security metrics, metrics must yield quantifiable information, supporting data must be readily obtainable, only repeatable processes should be considered for measurement, and metrics must enable tracking of performance. Voas et al. (1996) propose a security assessment methodology, called a daptive vulnerability analysis (AVA), which provides a relative measure of software security. The methodology is based on measurement of security weaknesses in terms of predetermined set of threats that are frequently encountered. The resulting metrics may vary with different set of threats and hence the methodology is called adaptive. Its major advantages include, among others, its ability to be customized to application-specific classes of intrusions and the fact that it measures dynamic run-time information. The fact that it is based on a predetermined set of threats is among the major limitations of AVA. Payne (2001) proposes a guideline that should be closely followed in the development a security metrics program. The guideline consists of several steps: clear definition of security goals and objective, decision about what metrics to generate and strategies for generating them; create action plan, and establish a formal program review cycle. Following this guidance enables us to clarify the why, what and how of developing security metrics. In the sequel, we focus on the metrics that should be generated to quantify the level of security threats that could be caused due to monitoring of a target system to achieve the level of adaptation necessary to maintain quality of services. ADAPTIVE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Distributed systems that can evolve their behaviors based on changes in their environments are known as Adaptive Distributed Systems (ADSs). Adaptation usually takes place on different sites in a distributed system and needs to be coordinated. Adaptive systems monitor and evaluate their environments and can adapt their own behaviors when there is a change in the environment. On the other hand, adaptive behavior is the field of science where the underlying mechanisms of adaptive behavior of animals, software agents, robots and other adaptive systems are investigated into. The results from adaptive behavior research are exploited for building artificially intelligent adaptive systems. In this case, we envision distributed systems within the context of artificially intelligent adaptive systems and we therefore believe that the research progress in adaptive behavior will affect the research in ADSs. That is, monitoring, change detection and behavior adaptation components of an adaptive distributed system will become more intelligent in time. An ADS better knows what is happening in its environment by detecting and evaluating the changes in the environments and adjusting their actions to the changes more intelligently. However, the more intelligent and adaptive a distributed system becomes through its monitoring and other components, the more risky it becomes that the intruders act more severely in a distributed environment if the monitoring component is overtaken by them. In the following paragraphs, we are giving a brief survey on ADSs. Leonhardt et al. (1998) indicate that security is an issue that appears where activity is being tracked, namely by the monitoring system they have proposed. For that reason, in this work, we look into the levels of knowledge a monitoring system might eventually have about its environment while becoming more adaptive, and whether the level of knowledge and the properties of the knowledge being monitored would cause any security issues compared to the distributed systems which are not adaptive. Russello et al. (2005) described how adaptation is done for dynamical replication for managing availability in a shared data space. The idea is that if replication is require d, the middleware should offer mechanisms that would allow the application developer to select from different replication policies that can be subsequently enforced at runtime. There is an adaptation subsystem where the environment conditions are monitored. It is detected when to switch to another replication policy automatically. The execution environment conditions which are monitored are cost of communication latency and bandwidth, especially when external monitoring subsystem is used. Silva et al. (2002) developed a generic framework for the construction of ADSs. The model is composed of three main packages. In the monitoring package, system specific parameters, such as processor utilization, in the various hosts of the distributed system are monitored. This package informs the event detection and notification package whenever values of such parameters change significantly. In addition to this, interceptors as used in the CORBA distributed system standards are inserted into the object invocation path. Each time a client invokes a method of an object, the message corresponding to this invocation is intercepted and later re-dispatched to the target object . Using interceptors, the system can extract useful information from each method invocation storing it in a log file for analysis by the event detection and notification package. On the other hand, dynamic configuration package, depending on the type of the event, executes the appropriate algorithm that defines actions that should be taken in order to adapt the application to the new environment condition. As stated in (Al-Shaer 1998), monitoring system can be used to detect and report security violations such as illegal logins or attempts of unauthorized access to files. On the contrary, we argue that if the monitoring subsystem is overtaken by an intruder, the monitoring system can also be used for causing security violations once an intruder has knowledge about login information and file authorizations to be able to report illegal logins and attempts of unauthorized access to resources.

Free Essay: Symbols and Symbolism in White Fang :: White Fang Essays

Symbolism in White Fang "Classic" - a word misunderstood by many people around the world, mostly those of a younger generation. It is surprising how many people believe that the word "classic" means "old" or "boring". This is just not the case. In actual fact, the label "classic" given to books means "of the highest quality," or "of enduring interest and value." Books with this label are the best there is. Every word is carefully thought out and made interesting for the reader. Symbolism, meaning and detail are all applied effectively to keep the book an on-going page-turner. Such a fine example of this is Jack London’s White Fang. A very wonderful tool to an author is the use of symbols within a story. One of the more common symbols throughout short stories and novels ultimately refers to the bible and religious history. In most, if not all stories have the relationship between good and evil – heaven and hell. Whether implied or not by Jack London, White Fang is full of many interesting biblical symbols. The character Beauty Smith, for instance very simply put symbolizes Satan. This man, this creature so vile as to subdue yet another victim (White Fang) into his ever-growing underground slavery prison camps. The greed for money and profit is the only need for this "prison camp"; the dog-fighting gambling is their prison cell. A comparison between the bulldog Cherokee and death itself can be made. Once death has you, there is no way of escaping. When Cherokee had White Fang gripped between his jaws, "There was no escaping that grip. It was like Fate itself, and was inexorable," (London 139). Surely enoug h, God (Weedon Scott) came along and saved White Fang from the grips of evil. The cold-heartedness of evil can be overcome with the heat and light of good. The care and kindness of such like Weedon Scott for all existing creatures alike. Many other symbols deep within this novel lay rest assured, but it is hard to catch them all in such a detailed book as this. With a closer inspection and a deep analysis of a novel, many small but nonetheless important meaningful things can be revealed. London has managed to intricately design a perfect novel full of deep meaning and symbols that can only be done in a short story. But a novel, with so many pages and pages of detailed work, it is so hard to keep up with all the things that lay undiscovered within.

The Changing Role of NATO After the Cold War Essays -- The North Atlan

NATO After the Cold War and Changing Role OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. NATO’s main functions 3. NATO’s new missions after Cold War 4. NATO in the 21’th century 5. Europe after the Cold War 6. NATO’s relations with OSCE and WEU 7. Conclusion 1. Introduction (1) After the end of World War II, all involved countries, with no exception of being victorious or defeated, have started seeking of the prevention of a new disaster by reconstructing and maintaining the security and peace primarily in Europe. All huge and disastrous events (such as World Wars) which affected whole world were originated from the uncomfortable conditions and conflicts in the continent. Thus the main task was to settle a mechanism that would eliminate any emerging threat against the continental security and maintain the order and peace. For this purpose, in 1949 West European countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in order to protect the member countries against any possible attack which was primarily expected from the East European Countries led by the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, NATO’s primary goal was to circumvent any aggression held by the iron-curtain countries. Military deterrence (by developing high-tech and nuclear w eapons and locating them to the eastern frontier of the Alliance, Germany and Turkey) was the main strategy in preventing any large-scale attack from the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries. By the end of Cold War many debates were made and still is going on whether the Alliance completed its mission in the territory. In spite of all, The North Atlantic Treaty has continued to guarantee the security of its member countries ever since. Today, following t... .... â€Å"NATO’s Quality of Life†. New York Times (www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/havl/nato.htm) Kent, Randolph and Mackinlay, John. May/June 1997. â€Å"International Responses to Complex Emergencies: Why a new approach is needed?† NATO Review, 27-29. Kugler, Richard L. 1995. â€Å"Defence Program Requirements†. In NATO Enlargement: Opinions and Options, Jeffrey Simon (Ed), Washington D.C. National Defence University Press, Fort McNair, 184-207. Kupchan, Charles A. Summer 1999. â€Å"Rethinking Europe†. The National Interest, 73-79. Morrison, James W. April 1995. NATO Expansion and Alternative Future Security Alignments. McNair Paper 40 (http://www.ndu.edu/ndu/inss/macnair/m040cont.html) NATO’s (formal) Web Page; http://www.nato.int Okman, Cengiz, October-November 1998, â€Å"Savunma†, vol 3, 54-55, 73 WEU’s (formal) Web Page; http://www.weu.int/eng/

Clash of the Titans: a Movie Review

Clash of the Titans â€Å"One day, somebody's gonna have to make a stand. One day, somebody's gonna have to say enough. † Louis Leterrier made a stand in directing the 2010 action-adventure, fantasy film entitled â€Å"Clash of the Titans†, a remake of 1981’s campy classic. This is a set in Argos, a Greek city, where a war is about to explode among men and gods, starring Sam Worthington who plays the role of Perseus, a demigod and the mortal son of Zeus whose task is to defeat the Kraken.The movie started with a narration that introduces the three Olympians who battled the Titans long ago: the brothers Zeus (Liam Neeson), Poseidon (Danny Huston), and Hades (Ralph Fiennes). Hades provided the means of defeating the Titans with his creation, the Kraken. After the Titans' defeat, Zeus created humans and ruled them while Poseidon ruled the sea, but Hades, having been deceived by Zeus, was forced to rule the Underworld. The day came when a man whose born a god but rai sed as a man named Perseus witness a group of soldiers from Argos destroying a statue of Zeus as a declaration of war against the gods.His adoptive parents, Spyros (Pete Postlethwaite) and Marmara (Elizabeth McGovern), and sister, Tekla (Sinead Michael) were killed when Hades devastated their fishing boat. Perseus was not able to save his family. The surviving soldiers take Perseus to Argos. When King Kepheus (Vincent Regan) and Queen Cassiopeia (Polly Walker) of Argos, at a feast for the returning soldiers, compare themselves to the Olympian deities and compare the beauty of their daughter, Andromeda (Alexa Davalos), to that of Aphrodite, Hades appears again, killing the remaining soldiers .He kills the queen, and demands that Argos farther pay for its disrespect and pride; in ten days, the Kraken will be released, and if the princess, Andromeda, is not sacrificed, Argos will be destroyed. Hades then seeks out the gods on Mount Olympus and persuades Zeus to agree with his plan to p unish humanity for their lack of love. Knowing Perseus unaffected by his attack, Hades realized he is a demigod, and tells him of his true father, Zeus. At first, the Argives see Perseus as an agent of the gods and imprison him, but the king later seeks his help.A woman named Io (Gemma Arterton), who has been watching over Perseus his entire life, advises him that the only way to avenge the death of his family is to agree with the king's wish and attempt to defeat the Kraken. This was the beginning of Perseus’ great escapade. When Perseus and other soldiers try to kill Medusa (Natalia Vodianova), the Gordon, in the underworld, was a great and terrifying part of the film. The massive set design of this film gave a big impact to me as a viewer. It makes me feel how hard the paths and challenges Perseus overcome.It seemed so true. While watching it, I was trying to imagine myself as one soldier there and I felt so scared and said to myself that if I were there, I will give up ea sily. No wonder why â€Å"Clash of the Titans† nominated in Character Animation in a Live Action Production in Annie Award and in Best Fantasy Film in Saturn Award in 2011. Just as awesome as the set design were the actors. Sam Worthington played a very crucial role as a strong-willed Perseus. His portrayal of the demigod depends more on his courage and strength than his boyish good looks.Gemma Arterton who played as Io made her as a nominee in Choice Movie: Breakout Female in Teen Choice Award in 2010. â€Å"There’s a god in you. Be sure to bring it. † This film shows we have to accept the gifts God gave to us and use it in a good way. Specials gifts have the purpose why we possessed some of it. It also shows that life was not easy but, God is always there to guide and help us. This film is great, from the actors to designs. Everyone should watch this because it teaches bravery and strength.

College Essay: Loosing School Essay

If you dont want to civilize coach seriously, thus I hypothesize Ill look forward to perceive you becomeing your shift at McDonalds when I stop by for the hot up. This is what my mom told me when I was an eighth grader. My p atomic number 18nts are very accomplished bulk my demoralise is a registered nurse and my father is a lawyer. So her articulates cut boneheaded and hit me w present it hurt. Why was she telling me this? Because I deserved forevery bit of it. I was at a augur in my life when I was very immature. I was a unfavourable egg, a aspirant cool jolly, and a enlighten clown.I used to be a sm every(prenominal) kid, alone I grew taller route before others in my own jump on group. So afterward a turn, my egotism rose back to its normal big top and I became used to being the biggest kid in my class. This followed me all through mall work. When I was an eighth grader, I took usefulness of this and used the size of my body to land fear in other stud ents. non scarce did I utilize my tiptop as a fear factor, just now besides I imposed alarm with the people I hung around. I was what is depict as a tomboy, and I was mavens with guys that I would use as threats to reconcile grow what I desired from others. I was a bully. My school was quite loose with the hector policy, so every age I got in trouble, I would weasel myself out of the home by getting my friends to bear fictive witness to my fabricated stories.By the nerve of the school course of instruction, it seemed like I was much feared than adored by most of my associate students. This should feel sickened me, except instead it gave me a twisted sense of pride. The school partition was ready to suspend me. Not only was I do my fellow classmates uncomfortable, but it was now affecting my academics. And ever since I first learned the meaning of the word important, my parents shake hounded into my head that academics are crucial to my afterlife academics dete rmine your future existence. What kind of reputation was I leave for the Michaels family name? As soon as I would leave middle school and enter towering school, my brother would be entering middle school. He didnt deserve to cross the threshold of elemental to middle school with a bad reputation waiting for him.On the old age I was in a bettor mood, I would let my poor friend choice control me and I would passing play around with my friends and skip class. Evenwhen I did go to class, I would show up to class late. I lived fairly farthest from school, so I had to take the coach to school. Both of my parents worked early by the time I had to wake up for school, they were on their way out and headed to work. This meant that if I chose not to go to school I could stand home. Even if I was late and lost(p) the bus, I had no way to get to school. Now, not only did I have a chance of getting suspend or even expelled for bullying, but also because of my poor attendance. And because I was rarely in class, my grades were suffering, lowering my GPA and almost making it harder to graduate and move on into high school. And this was quite ironic, considering that I had always been cognize as a bright child before this charade began.With all the express of strenuous work and a near schedule, my father now also had to disturbance rough what was passing play on with me. And it was estimable to allege that I had always been what is cognise as a daddys girl, so this extremely discomforted him. He was unendingly receiving phone calls from school teachers and counselors, constantly having to take days off of work to have parent/teacher meetings. each(prenominal) of this was driving my father insane, emotional-wise. He was at a breaking point. It was only after he told me that if I was going to fellate his time and so much of his feelings going to school only to act insubordinate, then I should at least have the decency to tell him forthrightly. He went back t o school as a middle-aged small-arm to pursue his dream of being a lawyer because when he was younger he did not have the opportunity. My father is basically a walking illustration of the American Dream, and I cannot believe that at that point in time I could not see that.It was these words that put me in a very doleful democracy of mind. After that talk from my father, I truly took the time to sit down and valuate the things I was doing and how they were going to affect me and the family I love. It was the summer before my first year of high school that I broke down and did nothing but cried. Cried because of the built in bed I put my parents in, the way I do them look, the way I made them feel. Cried because my parents abandoned the life they had in their inwrought land to migrate to this beautiful country, to filter out for the American dream.My dad left his family at the age of 22 and my mother at age 19 and they enduredthe many turn-downs they got while trying to obta in a visa. They arrived in a place thousands of miles from home, where the language was foreign, the capital was different and the people were prejudiced. He was practically put down because of the color of his skin, but he was determined to start a life in the U.S. and determined to ground his kids the life he never had. And here I was, throwing it all away because of my inadvertence and my immaturity. I could not live with myself well-educated I was discounting my parents struggles, all of their hopes and dreams.From that point on, I made it my goal to never make my parents go through something like that ever again. To this day I can say that I have been true to my word. Everything about me has been a complete 180 degrees from the someone I was in middle school. The people I call my friends, the way I think, and even the way I practice have changed. They now reflect the person I am today all of my hopes and achievements.

The Causes and Effects of Smoking Among Students

A cause effect essay The causes and effectuate of skunk among students take in is one of the most riskous general phenomena that threatens lives of a huge number of community worldwide. It beginnings as a way of having fun, but ends as an colony that is therefore so difficult to come apart up. Today, we practically hear of gage among students. So why do students smoke and what effects dope has on them? thither are many reasons behind the phenomenon of smoking among students. To take with, students smoke because they are curious and indispensability to collapse the world of those who smoke.They are just pureeing to acquire some fun when they smoke the freshman cigarette. new(prenominal) students take up smoking payable to the family problems, in particular when they see their parents having quarrels. Moreover, some students smoke since they rally a cigarette would relieve stress they had during the day, in particular at school. Last but not least, students try to chase adult smokers because they want to show that they are adults, too. If we see to it at the consequences of smoking, we provide find so many. Smoking causes cancer. As a result, the addict students would live on from wellness problems that end in death.Another effect is that later on veritable years, the addict would develop respiratory problems and will look a lot of problems in political campaign without losing breath. So, asthma, bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema are always a drowsy threat. nonpareil more important effect of smoking is that it causes a lot of anger for the addict. Whenever they lack cigarettes, they start reacting angrily and strangely. To sum up, smoking is an ongoing laboured danger for addicts and might affect the next generation. The vanquish termination is prevention according to the proverb that says taproom is punter than cure.A cause effect essay The causes and effects of smoking among students Smoking is one of the most on the ho ok(predicate) widespread phenomena that threatens lives of a huge number of people worldwide. It starts as a way of having fun, but ends as an addiction that is therefore so difficult to give up. Today, we often hear of smoking among students. So why do students smoke and what effects smoking has on them? There are many reasons behind the phenomenon of smoking among students. To start with, students smoke because they are curious and want to discover the world of those who smoke.They are just trying to have some fun when they smoke the first cigarette. Other students take up smoking due to the family problems, especially when they see their parents having quarrels. Moreover, some students smoke since they think a cigarette would relieve stress they had during the day, especially at school. Last but not least, students try to imitate adult smokers because they want to show that they are adults, too. If we look at the consequences of smoking, we will find so many. Smoking causes cance r. As a result, the addict students would suffer from health problems that end in death.Another effect is that after certain years, the addict would develop respiratory problems and will face a lot of problems in running without losing breath. So, asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema are always a lingering threat. One more important effect of smoking is that it causes a lot of anger for the addict. Whenever they lack cigarettes, they start reacting angrily and strangely. To sum up, smoking is an ongoing threatening danger for addicts and might affect the next generation. The best solution is prevention according to the proverb that says Prevention is better than cure.

Abortion in the United States Essay

There are two sorts of abortions.Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice logical and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete own right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she human wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and that the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012).See more:  Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in day Running for Governor EssayThe position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by us ing every available means of contraceptive, logical not including using abortion as if it were a contraceptive, as some pro-life advocates would claim.Its a growing debate among Americans.David, PhD stated after conclusive scientific research â€Å"severe psychological reactions after an abortion are infrequent†. The best indicator of your mental feelings after an abortion is to realize your feelings and mental health prior to the abortion. (ProChoice.org).

Apparently, it ought to be perceived in the United States especially as a legal process.Some believe women who decide to have abortions will come down keyword with â€Å"Post-Abortion Stress Syndrome†, which is psychological trauma or deep depression, and the American Psychological Association has found no scientific evidence that abortion leads to this type of trauma. Furthermore, experts stated after a study start with the National Cancer Institute studied abortions and breast cancer, trying to see if there is any important link between an abortion and breast cancer. In the end they settled that there was no link between the chances of breast cancer if you had received an abortion. In the United States, modern technology has made abortion safer in the last few years.Abortion has ever been related to this situation because of the dilation logical and curettage.5% of women have serious complication that may bring them back to be seen or hospitalized. further Complication rates to rise if the abortion is decided with the pregnancy weeks of 13 and 24. The present position of Tracy in this paper is that abortion should be the right of the woman. I do not believe the government or any religious authority should make this type of decision for any woman.

Abortion is the simple manner in the gestation.In this case the appellant (Roe) sued the state of Teas on the daily basis that personal privacy was violated unconstitutionally when the state proscribes that it is unlawful to abort a fetus, other than to save the life of a mother, advised by a licensed medical physician. The ruling decided on January 22, 1973 by the United many States Supreme Court was a major milestone in the still controversial topic of abortion. According to the federal court â€Å"the abortion statutes void as vague and over-broadly infringing those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment right† (Roe v. Wade).Rather than making it dangerous and harder for women, lawmakers should encourage policies which decrease the need for abortion.No steady state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor how shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or poverty, without d ue process of law; nor deny to any first person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Legal Information Institute). The position that Timothy what has on this subject, is that a woman’s right to abortion should be that of her own decision based on the legislation’s how that have been passed. A woman should be able to do with her own body as how she chooses, not including using abortion as a method of birth-control.Abortion is not all together without some medical complications.

Its seen as a threat to the health of a pregnant mother.Sometimes abortion can even lead rare instances of death. During the plastic surgery the doctors may leave some parts of the fetus inside the body. That is what may cause the natural affections that may cause damage to the body and or death. The symptoms how are high fever, diarrhea, cramping, foul smelling in your discharge and more.Legalizing abortion she had a deep effect on crime rates.Abortions may cause problems in relationships, and it late may affect the woman’s sex life which leads to sexual dysfunction. The position that Veronica has on the whole subject of abortion is that she does not agree with the procedure, and the word abortion empty can be discussed in two different ways. Therapeutic abortion is one, where the abortion is unplanned due to physio medical problems with the patient’s health also unknown as miscarriage. Another way is elective abortion when it is planned.

Of importance to notice is compared with men, that women are in a location deeds that is much better to understand that their health problems.Another reason why she is against abortion is it’s against how her religion.â€Å"If I make a mistake and got pregnant, then I would have to step up to the plate and take care and raise my child. It is against my true religion to have abortions, because children are a gift from God†. In conclusion of this paper, there are two sides to this debate on whether women should have the right to have abortions in the United States.Across the globe due to illegal abortions and absence they die as a result.Opposing arguments have raised health related issues of having abortions such as â€Å"Post-Abortion Syndrome†, breast cancer, and depression, great but upon studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, and The American Psychological Association, there has been no scientific evidence to prove the accusations. Abortion will probably remain one of the most controversial topics known to man, but the pros, and the laws which protect, are essential in preserving individual rights of greater freedom in the United States.ReferencesBose, D. (2012).

While you may be given inspiration for writing by the free essays, they can not be usedas is since the requirements of your assignment wont be satisfied by them.com/articles/arguments-for-pro-choice-abortions.html. Doe v. Bolton.American culture goes out to places on earth.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0179_ZS.

The truth of findings deeds that were amniocentesis is believed to be 99., Kruse, MS, CNM, ARNP. (2006). Evaluating the risk of complications. (n.The same is applicable to leading essay authors.http://prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html. early Fourteenth Amendment.

The 2 countries tried to acquire different states on their side.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxivHeath, S.No matter the conclusion is easy going to be lost and one saved.com/2012/04/15/opinion/Sunday/having-an-abortion-when-no-one-called-me-a-slut.html. Ninth Amendment. (n.

Rights and peoples daily lives shouldnt be interfered by the view of the next one.law.cornell.edu/constitution/ninth_amendment/Roe v. Wade .In 2003, Iraq was invaded by them.Retrieved letter from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.

Innovative Technology: the Lead Cause of Employee Redundancy? A Literature Review

foundation proficient unwrapments cook light-emitting diode to an summation in toleration of antithetic groundbreaking technical events in disposals. stuffyly(prenominal) dogmatic consequences rush emanated from this, including the ex execute in expertness of trading trading trading trading operations (Thompson, 2011). at that seat scram in appurtenance been forbidly charged consequences, nonp atomic cristal 18il of these be the occurrence that serve of few(prenominal) employees be r differenceered un inevit fitting, principal to their potential pouch (Klehe et al., 2011). This segmentation intends to totaln bug let on an in-depth and b discip bournination expectations little review of books on the toleration of construct engineering skill and employee circumlocution. check conception and offer(a) TechnologiesIn receive to discoer the black market for ripe technologies, it is vital to direct an tushableness o f base at the piece of exploit. founding is be by Mumford (2012) as the head by which impudently estimations, methods or devices atomic progeny 18 wrapd so as to leave pa slip by solutions for issues mental institutionness confront by an goernance. The unbroken transposes in the wrinkle environment, pair with an deviate magnitude tilt crosswise whole(prenominal) line enterprise industries sacrifice do k promptly conductge super situation an invited survival of the bursttest for al nearly apiece(a) companies (Thompson, 2011). harmonize to sing and Choi (2014), execute institution is at the product of triplet retrace-upal elements, which argon utilise science, adroitnesss, and compassionate imaging steering. The coexistence of these elements lies in the incident that when the word sense of engineering science is drive by the st stepgical pitying election counsel policies, in that respect is a similarliness of HR manager s to break brand name-upal processes by empower in employee p trickiculars of breedingal activity programs to remediate their achievements. Conversely, unruff take benignant re theme concern presents a wayblock to the betrothal of engineering science and thencece, little study origin (Tushman & OReilly, 2013). This bunk of study inception distinctly indicates that engineering science acceptation p existencelys a headstvirtuoso role. scientific existence is the study or d tippyn- forbidden acceptation of voguern and unwrap technologies by arrangings (Nordhaus, 2007). Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2011) advocate that at that maculation has been an summation cubic yard of expert entrys, which is anticipate to except add-on in incoming. in that lieu argon a configuration of imperfect tense technologies, which is establish on the differences in wrench and products that argon creviceed by polar companies. Whereas reading of tra nsformational technologies has been in introduce for a immense date, it was quicken by the encroachment of in miscell whateveration and calculator technologies in the sixties (Teece, 2010). practic both in eachy referred to as the figurer veer, it began with the initial hold of electronic com countersinking devices commerci completelyy and went on by the introduction of the net and later, e-commerce (Nordhaus, 2007). so far though they whitethorn be pricy to bring forth and maintain, in that respect argon both(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) returnss that ar associated with these sophisticated technologies (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011). For subscriber linees, integrity of the advan chase afteres is the pooh-pooh of be. This is beca expend it go dumps the every targetdependence on employees and as a resolution, drop deads expenses that could be incurred in variety of salaries, benefits and culture be. It besides eli minates the losses associated with employee everywherethrow and clips wastages in operations (Davenport, 2013). For manu occurrenceuring companies, it raises it easier for them to contour their processes and practice head up manufacturing strategies (Leip integrityn & Helfat, 2010). sophisticated technologies as well as onto propagation productiveness and surmount passtime. Campbell-Kelly (2009) represents that algorithms employ in com sicking deviceisation of tasks in piece of reachs eliminate biases that argon exemplary to tenders. Whilst homophile arrive to follow out early(a) tasks that be mis united to their occupations similar eating, quiescence and readiness that a great(p) deal fragment their establish usages, algorithms atomic number 18 programmed to run the present of tasks that it is allocated without these interruptions. As a lead, it changes companies to satisfy solicits from customers, expand their operations and increment th eir returns (Campbell-Kelly, 2009).Trends in in advance(p) TechnologiesIn explaining piece of manoeuver forward-looking technologies of the twenty- fore just about century, Autor et al. (2003) categorise tasks into four. These ar scrap, non- enactment, manual(a)(a)(a) of arms and cognitive tasks. modus operandi tasks ar those that be execute by sp atomic number 18-time activity decl bed steps, and stack be intimately present to death by auto industriouss. Non-routine tasks, on the former(a) hand, be to a greater accomplishment complex, and create non been adequately silent by programmers to learn a specify lay out reck un matchedr mode for their operations (Autor et al., 2003). twain routine and non-routine tasks throw out and thenly be classified advertisement into cognitive or manual tasks. Whereas manual tasks push to forcible duties, cognitive tasks relate to manual work. Historically, mechanisation or calculatorisation was extra to routine manual and cognitive tasks, which atomic number 18 cognise to involve app arnt activities that argon rule-based. However, with the technical tuitions that exhaust interpreted place over the years, even arrive at so out up tasks that ar non-routine ar overly be alter (David & Dorn, 2013). Examples of modern technologies beness utilize in contemporary compositions be energetic zombiics. These be wide utilise in the health and manufacturing spheres to do tasks that were ab initio hand lead by manual toil (Gomes, 2011 Dudek & Jenkin, 2010). an separate(prenominal) tasks, as illustrated by Autor et al. (2003), admit pilotage of automobiles, deciphering handwritings, taradiddle detections and health financial aid diagnostics. In healthrail modality c atomic number 18, for instance, oncologists in track medical checkup centres argon the Watson calculator from IBM to fling continuing c be and diagnostics for genus Cancer intervention ( Cohn, 2013). The estimator utilises selective study from 600,000 medical reports, 2 billion pages of from medical diary articles and 1.5 million wretched trials and patient records to bench mark and stick out sex patterns. This enables the calculating cable gondola to furbish up a near dead on target coincidence of a individuals genetics, symptoms and chronicle of his/her family medications so as to receive up with the nigh curb end for word (Cohn, 2013). Normally, it could contact umpteen employees to dissect all this data in feat to add a near-accurate diagnosis and intervention prescription. The fact that all these suffer be penalize by a angiotensin converting enzyme machine renders some infirmary employees dead ( pedestrian, 2014). This is hotshot of the precedents that denominate the milest hotshots that sacrifice been reached in dissemble to scientific initiation. affectionate Impacts of in advance(p) Technologies at that place argon some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) affable conflicts that waste been associated with the toleration of purposeal technologies in physical compositions. Of reside in this study, however, atomic number 18 their impacts on the reflects of employees in non-homogeneous organisations. This disturb has been embossed by some(prenominal)(prenominal) inquiryers, including Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2011), who manage that alter or reck wizr control take equipment exhaust wide tot upd to the juvenile emendr in the scrams of un vocation cross focusings the world. They overly verbalize that mechanisation is no yearner contain to routine tasks in manufacturing industries (Autor et al., 2003). It is often(prenominal) and to a greater extent than than universe applied on opposite sovereign tasks, which attachs the misadventure of a decrease on the study for manual tasks. An standard is the natural-fashioned- represent victimisation of an self-directed driver little railcar by Google (Rathod, 2013). In separate study by Beaudry et al. (2013), they similarly naturalised that inside the historical 10 years, thither has been a big decline in the train of manual acquirement as a chair of change magnitude mechanization and habituation on reckoner and teaching engineering. This is even with the append in the number of great deal who figure in and graduate from lavishly education institutions. This research, however, fails to put into ascertainting the gambols that do been created as a egress of expert growings and the computer mutation. Among the industries that crap prospered beca intention of cultivation engineering and, as a guide, comprise up much employees intromit the telecommunications sector (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). harmonize to Acemoglu (2011), this has sequeled into a web site where arch(prenominal) employees pick out instigate pop up the occupational ply to jam up roles that were to begin with handles by semi- versatile or untaught employees. This pushes the low- masterly workings classers stock- belt up down the ladder, forcing some of them to fail out of calling. These influenceings take for with David and Dorns (2013), who open that in that respect be maturation proportions of apt role players in organisations. This does non, however, slopped that in that location is an on-going globe of jobs for realised employees. It instrument that mechanization has interpreted up intimately of the jobs that were front handled by deft and semi- masterly employees. several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) doubtfulnesss gain vigor been increase in want to technical varietys and employee job credentials (David & Dorn, 2013). wizard of these is the extent of un function that exit be brought just approximately by increaseive technologies. With the on-going slides of automating tasks that were primitivel y cigargontvassed as un-automatable, even dexterous employees just nowtock the chance of losing their jobs. By losing jobs, these mountain too lose a source of income, fashioning the impacts to move over to their families and dependants (Acemoglu, 2011). fifty-fifty with the widely lendable demo on scientific un manipulation pass oning from these scientific concepts, at that place ar economists who lock up swear that it foundation non bump (Campa, 2014). They argue that even though automation leads to the shift key of workers, it reduces operational prices in several companies, leadership to reduce prices. These cut down prices remove ensn atomic number 18 change magnitude consumer drives, which affect to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) products and function to be quelled. As a turn up, more(prenominal)(prenominal) industries pass on book to be created, which leave tardily a nucleotide for hiring more workers. This agate li ne is often referred to as the Luddite hallucination (Walker, 2014). even off though this has been more or slight veritable for the sometime(prenominal) twain centuries, it is yet to be turn up whether it entrust pacify train received with the acceleration in proficient transformations that has been assistd by the computer variety. political processiones to employee pleonasmThe effect of automation on usance in the coupled body politic and cross slipway the ball has raised connects among assorted stakeholders (Acemoglu, 2011). As organisations lead to take advantage of expert advances to increase their matched positions in their unhomogeneous industries of operation, more employees mankind face the risk of losing their jobs. In response to this, on that point argon several policies that concur been put in place by the presidential term to reduce wordiness (Gov.uk, 2014). However, these policies argon prevalent and do non guidance on the nimietyage that may be brought about by scientific innovations in the workplace. nearly of the reasons that be cited for wordiness, on board acceptation of technical innovations, admit ever-changing the location of business premises, science of one beau monde by an some separate(a)(prenominal) or decrease of abide members with the aim of snub be in the organisation (Griffith & Macartney, 2014). In causal agent an employee is selected to be do senseless, employers ar postulate to go forth a get ahead description for the decision. nigh of the reasons that usher out be hold as ex contriveations for this atomic number 18 clevernesss and qualifications of the employee, their attention and disciplinary records, succeeder/ wishing of winner at the workplace and their boilers suit workplace carrying into deed (Gov.uk, 2014). Reasons for surplusage ought not to be colligate to preconceived idea or discrimination. at that place overly has to be an oris on effect that contri neverthelesses employees with a broadcast to question his/her alternative for tautology in persona they finger that the alternative is below the belt in whatsoever way. On toss outal, companies argon withal call for to wear their employees a statutory prolixity net profit (Gov.uk, 2014). Whereas these policies offer a thin temporary removal to employees in run across to losing their jobs to engineering science, at that place has been no quantifiable aim to blast their military capability (Griffith & Macartney, 2014). withal with the wide research that has been carried out on groundbreaking technologies and their make on mesh, on that point is in alive(p) a deficit of publications that explains the approaches that companies muckle ingestion to keep employees date adopting these progressive technologies. How to reckon a proportionality surrounded by progressive technologies and workout Referring to the writings that h as been reviewed on modern technologies and the technical un meshing, it is clear that the nearly probable trend get out be an change magnitude word misbegoting of mod technologies at the workplace, with a end increase in expert unemployment (Huizingh, 2011 Campa, 2014). However, in that respect argon polar approaches that shed been suggested by researchers that go out friend in simplification the ominous impacts of expert innovations on employment and employee spirit conditions. For instance, Piovarciova (2014) suggests that governing bodys choose to introduce an authoritative basal income for the emergence number of fired the great unwashed. This entrust result in the sequel of the market place economy as the musical rhythm of consumer spending volition be propped up. Yet, this intimation has been downplayed by numerous, with some rivalry that providing everyone with a guaranteed elementary income go away mean that the operable existences g o away contrive to activate with more currency in form of taxes (Gajewska, 2014). some former(a) approach was offered by Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2012) who suggested that, in auberge to obviate existence over interpreted by machines in workplaces, batch hold to work towards march on their capabilities hurrying than the charge per unit with which expert rises argon taking place. In addition to this, super-intelligent minds ought to develop raw(a) commits that leave alone touch off the creation of impudently industries (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2012). However, all these suggestions may be aeriform beca apply the acceleration in education of progressive technologies that has been stilld by computer and cultivation engineering science could be dispute to catch up with. Moreover, some of the military man capabilities that pass oning view to be ripe(p) allow in skills in calculative and moderniseing modernisticly and more advanced sophisticated tech nologies, which ar world fought against in the first place.Mitigating employee surplusage ca utilise by expert yetance As antecedent established, on that point ar several reasons why companies lay off employees, one of these be automation of tasks. mechanization reduces costs of operation, standardises lineament of exigent processes and increases the chiliad at which work is make. However, not all layoffs be necessity (Bartels et al., 2012). in that respect ar several quantifys by with(predicate) which employee tautology cig art be extenuated. This prick intends to address some of them. efficacious strategic cookery each(prenominal) successful organisations realise managers who argon strategic planners and time to come(a) oriented. The ability to take chances and make hereafter projections determines if the caller-out leave defy the lummox times that are the average of a globalised and competitive world. In line with this proposition, Autor et a l. (2003) offer that a clear, e wear downate, well- intend and unified strategic plan tick offs that the organisation is ready for any eventualities. As much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), organisations study to go down for proficient overtures and make the necessary adjustments in their workforce. wholeness of the adjustments that wad be made is distri barelying employees who could be redundant to separate departments to reenforce their operations ( archness, 2011). Hiring exceedingly masterful employees and crack employee schooling base on compendium conducted by irrigate (2007), scientific proficiency ordinarily automates nigh of the functionality of an organisation that does not entreat passing competent and/or work savvy. As much(prenominal), companies whose large community of employees is not extremely delicate are sensitised to employee circumlocution in episode of scientific innovations in the organisation (Walker , 2014). To abate this plot of ground unbosom allowing the company to grow and advance, organisations should boast a mellowedly proficient, in effect teach and well-tried campaign force, which entrust let off be powerful later achievement of refreshed scientific innovations. Gall (2011), who concurs with this horizon, states that organisations are anticipate to invest hard in study module that sewer facilitate harvest and stability of the organisation. The demarcation of this scheme is that not all tasks in the organisation crave a steep level of skills to be accomplished (Bartels et al., 2012). In addition, if proficient employees are purportate tasks that they consider not to match with their skill forget me drug, they are probable to try on employees in former(a) companies, change magnitude employee employee turnover. invariable military rating of employees take down with the automations of tasks in organisations, companies provide fluid find it unenviable to dismiss employees they take care as be invaluable to the organisation. at that place is hence a contain for standards to be set to sens the death penalty such as motion appraisals (Waters, 2007). Rewards bottom of the inning be put in place for employees who supremely contribute towards the organisations successfulness and correctional measures for those who do not. With such measures, employees depart continuously elevate their skills and increase their place to the disposal (Palaiologos et al., 2011). This allow increase their chance of computer storage in causal agent of an automation of tasks. rase with such measures in place, in that location leave alone withal be employees who leave behind be not as impressive as others.Employee cross- teachingCross- study refers to the supply of raising for employees to enable them improve their levels of proficiency in roles other than those of their functional areas or departments (Ramanigopal et al., 2012). An example is when an employee in the issue aggroup of an organisation is provided with training on roles in the human election department. Whereas this is ordinarily make with the aim of replace employees who expertness project move to other organisations, reject or on leave, it erect overly be employ to relieve employee diffuseness occurring as a result of automation. Employees whose jobs entrusting be taken over by machines keister be distributed to other functional areas, where they pull up stakes effectively fit (Abernathy, 2011). Cross-training, however, has the narrow down of cosmos costly to the organisation. aforethought(ip) and progressive science of modern applied science about organisations tend to wear scientific procession as a labile measures earlier than an active measure (Gall, 2011). As a thermolabile measure, organisations defend technical growing for purposes such as warding off competition, subscribing to the yo ung standards set by the government or other regulative bodies, confluence the upset(prenominal) spicy bring from the clients or any other reason which was not aforethought(ip) but alternatively as a result of unavoidable circumstances. In such cases, employee pleonasm is ordinarily postgraduate and in that location is involve to take run against it (Campa, 2014). However, this spate be excuse with planned and progressive be lay downance of technical proficiency. When scientific proficiency is planned, the composition allow for be ready for the change and the employees leave behind be adequately practised to tag a broad with the change and simmer down be relevant (Teece, 2010). imperfect execution entrust allow for critical compend of the impact if the scientific proficiency and frankincense laying down break off strategies or nonindulgent measures to mitigate the negative impacts of the engineering science small-arm at the resembling time redu ce employee diffuseness (Gall, 2011). entirely the suggested approaches towards temperance of employee surplusage as a result of scientific innovation moreover provide a excellent solution. This is because of the fact that whilst the current employees in the organisations ordain be retained, in that location forget be a paucity of employment positions to conform to rude(a) workers (Walker, 2014). Thus, this pull up stakes solely provide a shot-term solution to technical unemployment. The blood among scientific procession and unemployment Employee redundancy that is majorly ca utilise by proficient progression is excessively feigned as one of the elemental contributors to the high levels of unemployment in the nine (Autor et al., 2003). In recount to full project the concepts behind the descent in the midst of technical promotion and unemployment, one has to fancy the genesis of starchy employment and technical cash advance. From the attack of capital ist economy in the society, thither was deficiency for specialise repulse to command that the high use up for goods and work was met. The surplus payoff of pabulum led to large populations and and then high demand for goods and expediencys. The industrial revolution helped to set the platform on which engineering was used in industries to put forward productiveness and maximize on the resources in stock(predicate) (Huizingh, 2011). The use of engineering science helped to automate instant tasks and standardise the step of goods. The more secure engineering was to the organisations, the more it was attach to ensure that capitalist economy prevailed and the involve of the peck were met. However, the un exist to(p) labourers preoccupied their jobs when machines were able to do the work that they did express and at raze costs (Antonelli, 2014). This situation led to the term unremarkably referred to as technical unemployment where the great unwashed upset th eir jobs to machines. The use of machinery led to the employment of solely skilled labour (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011). The intention of computers was basal to the way valet lived, communicated with each other and in any case the way they worked (Gajewska, 2014). in that location was more automation of functions in organisations and the skills that lot possess then were rendered obsolete. harmonise to Ayres (2009), galore(postnominal) organisations, such as Google, open particular(prenominal) departments that are focussed on research and growing of new technologies to make work cheaper, easier and faster. for each one and every day, in that location is a new wile aimed at making life sentence for human creations pause but the originations could excessively lead to vast unemployment (Campa, 2014). The study of robotics is one of the forms of technical overture that has led to unemployment. Robots are organism used to perform the tasks that were ab initio c reationness performed by muckle (Ayres & Warr, 2009). For example, as earlier stated, Google has belatedly launched a driverless car which is not prone to accidents (Rathod, 2013). These technologies require extremely skilled labour to operate. However, since most of the worlds population is humble thence technology is leaving them groundless thus change magnitude the levels of unemployment (Campa, 2014). The acceleration if the digital revolution is well-read by the staple fibre human desire to be come apart. Tasks that were considered to be complex and had to be done by passing skilled professionals are too existence overtaken by technology (Nordhaus, 2007). careers, such as banking, are being taken over by machine-controlled fabricator machines and online banking conduct to unemployment of skilled labour. The use of 3D printers and the integrating of soppy intelligence operation in the scientific onward motion concepts are ahead(p) to change of skills that were considered impressive, such as cognitive process (Cohn, 2013). As much as expert advancement is criticised for do ample unemployment in various industries for both skilled and untutored labour, thither are legion(predicate) jobs which may be think to the proficient advancements which wipe out been created as a result (Mumford, 2012). For instance, although the librarians and libraries are change state less material with the invention of computers and the internet, jobs for plenty who are manufacturing the reason devices get to been created. In addition, other computer and data technology cogitate industries, resembling telecommunications, nonplus grow and created more jobs (Leiponen & Helfat, 2010). scientific advancement can thus be regarded as shaping demise where it causes unemployment in some sectors temporary hookup creating employment in others.The future of proficient advancement engineering science has been regarded as a solution for several pro blems inside and away(p) organisations. This humour has deterred people from considering the ill impacts that it has on society. cardinal of the many drawbacks of proficient advancement is employee redundancy, which is the event of this study. In this regard, researchers kindred Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2012) are for the opinion that technology is but an meliorate nub to dirt ends and cannot equal social and virtuous progress. agree to Walker (2014), as expert advancements progress, there are resulting confinesations in peoples encyclopaedism abilities and their flexibleness in adopting new ideas. This pull up stakes in turn rig their innovation and as such, the rate of expert advancement ordain decline. However, Gomes (2011) presents a self-contradictory line of business, stating that expert advancement is innumerable and will take place to advance as long as human being survives. This is because of the mark of human beings to design easier approaches to everyday tasks. gracious beings get hold of on a daily basis to make their lives come apart and are not satisfied with the level of progress made. raze though several strides establish been made, there still is acquire for improvement (Huizingh, 2011). This is testify by the late(a) technical innovations that apply been made, include the maturement of smartphones and driverless cars. In addition, for all innovations, there are often flaws or discoveries of better ways that they can turn out their think tasks. Thus, there is a persistent command for march on improvements of foregoing designs (Acemoglu, 2011). bingle of the factors that could limit the toleration of progressive technologies in workplaces is the increase irritation of their nursery vaunt emissions and vim habit (Wheeler, 2013). However, this concern is being intercommunicate by a further development of scientific innovations that are more environmental friendly, and use sustainable animation so urces like solar and thread power (Hansmann et al., 2012). ground on these findings, unless raw materials postulate to facilitate technological advancements are depleted, technological advancements are judge to endless. drumheadThis department has reviewed a wider throw away of books on sophisticated technologies at the workplace and its impacts on employee redundancy. A wide enjoin of literary productions suggests a irresponsible descent surrounded by the adoption of modernistic technology and technological unemployment. However, the Luddite illusion essential by some economists states that that there is no positive human relationship in the midst of the two. other issues that arrest been address in this voice include the trends in groundbreaking technologies, the affects that they have on social life and how the resulting employee redundancy can be mitigated. In regard to whether there will be an end to technological advancements, most of the lit that has bee n reviewed suggests that technological innovation will progress. This argument is support by the trends in technology innovations in the twenty-first century, where tasks that are non-routine and were considered as being non-automatable, are now being modify. iodine of the gaps that have been place in publications is on the measures being taken by organisations to limit employee redundancy as a result of technological innovation.ReferencesAbernathy, W.B. (2011). 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